小学语文类属化阅读教学探讨

类属化阅读是现代语文教育的必然,本文试图结合苏教版小语教材,探讨小学语文类属化阅读教学方法,以促进学生阅读的认知结构形成,提高阅读效率,培养类属化阅读素养与能力,领略文本的思想意蕴,培育学生积极健康的情感态度.

语文类属化阅读教学探究

类属化阅读是将阅读活动中获得的文本信息进行归纳总结，并形成联系，形成新的类属关系，从而促进阅读认知结构的形成、成熟、裂变及新的生成，提高阅读效率。为此，文章通过对苏教版教材的分析和教学实践，分析如何帮助学生形成自己的阅读方法，提高他们的阅读水平，让他们以积极健康的世界观、人生观、价值观来对待人与社会，从而证明类属化阅读是学校语文教学所导致的必然结果。

一次扫描的ADA编译程序的类属处理方法

类属单元是ＡＤＡ语言的重大特色之一．一般的ＡＤＡ编译程序多数是多次扫描的，对类属单元的处理往往是单独进行一次扫描，先进行预处理．有的编译为了处理类属还进行多次扫描．本文提出了一个一次扫描的ＡＤＡ编译程序的类属处理的新方法，并应用于ＰＣ／ＵＮＩＸＡＤＡ－Ｚ编译系统。

论标识语视域下的高校校名英译

高校校名是教育机构实体名称,城市的一张文化名片,也是公共场所的标识之一。在分析了校名的标识语功能及其翻译实践中存在的问题后发现,专名音译的趋势会给校名翻译造成专名类属化的影响,而通名泛化则有益于校名作为公共场所双语标识的译法规范。

A Biosystematic Study on Asplenium sarelii Complex

The series Variantia Ching et S. H. Wu mainly occur in China and its members are highly variable in morphology. The denomination on this group of Asplenium is very confused in the herbaria. We hop e by means of a biosystematic study to find out their genetic relationships in the reticulate evolution, and to raise a suggestion on their taxonomic treatment. Evidence from cytology, allozyme, morphology, and palynology shows that three ancestor diploids have formed Asplenium sarelii complex comprising 13 members. A. sarelii Hook. should be typified as a diploid. The so-called tetraploid 'A. sarelii' before is an allotetraploid that comes from the doubled hybrid between diploid A. sarelii and A. tenuicaule Hayata, which should be treated as a new species A. wudangense Z. R. Wang et X. Hou. A. pekinense Hance is an autotetraploid that comes from the doubled diploid ancestor A. sarelii. A. lushanense C. Chr., a diploid species and the only ancestor of A. yunnariense group, should not been sunk as a synonym of tetraploid A. yunnariense Franch. Most probably, A. varians Wall. ex Hook. et Grev. is an autotetraploid of A. tenuicaule Hayata. Three new natural tetraploid hybrids and their origins have been found out: they are A. x longmenense ( = A. pekinense x varians), A. x jingyunense ( = A. pekinense x yunnanense) and A. x kidoi ( = A. pekinense x wudangense). Three other new natural triploid hybrids have been found and their origins have been inferred: they are A. X huawuense ( = A. sarelii X wudangense), A. x luyunense ( = A. lushanense x yunnanense) and A. x teniuvaians ( = A. tenuicaule x varians). The method of allozyme comparion combined with cytological observation is employed to reveal the complicated relationships among the members of Asplenium sarelii complex in reticulate evolution and proved to be a highly effective tool to investigate the origin of polyploid and hybrid.

Ni@Pd core-shell nanoparticles supported on a metal-organic framework as highly efficient catalysts for nitroarenes reduction

Ni@Pd core-shell nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 8–9 nm were prepared by solvothermal reduction of bivalent nickel and palladium in oleylamine and trioctylphosphine.Subsequently,the first-ever deposition of Ni@Pd core-shell nanoparticles having different compositions on a metal-organic framework（MIL-101）was accomplished by wet impregnation in n-hexane.The Ni@Pd/MIL-101 materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and also investigated as catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene under mild reaction conditions.At 30 °C and 0.1 MPa of H2 pressure,the Ni@Pd/MIL-101 gives a TOF as high as 375 h–1 for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and is applicable to a wide range of substituted nitroarenes.The exceptional performance of this catalyst is believed to result from the significant Ni-Pd interaction in the core-shell structure,together with promotion of the conversions of aromatics by uncoordinated Lewis acidic Cr sites on the MIL-101 support.

A Review of Triterpenoids and Their Pharmacological Activities from Genus Kadsura

Plants in genus Kadsura,belong to the Schisandraceae family including genus Schisandra and genus Kadsura,revealed folk efficacy and medicinal application in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and gastroenteric disorders for a long history.Previous study indicated that plants from genus Kadsura mainly contain lignans,triterpenoids and essential oils,and showed the active compounds were lignans and triterpenoids.Among all compounds from Schisandraceae family,the triterpenoids between the genus Schisandra and genus Kadsura had obvious differences.In this paper,we reviewed214triterpenoids and their pharmacological activities reported from genus Kadsura in the past30years(from1987to2017),aiming to provide reference for further study.

Highly Dispersed Pt Species with Excellent Stability and Catalytic Performance by Reducing a Perovskite-Type Oxide Precursor for CO Oxidation

A new scheme for the preparation of highly dispersed precious metal catalysts is proposed in this work. Samples of LaCol-xPtxO3/SiO2 （x = 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.09, and 0.10） were prepared through a simple method of citrate acid complexa-tion combined with impregnation. In a nanocrystallite of LaCOl-xPtxO3, ions of lanthanum, cobalt, and platinum are evenly mixed at the atomic level and confined within the nanocrystallite. In the reduction process, platinum ions were reduced and migrated onto the surface of the nanocrystallite, and the platinum should be highly dispersed owing to the even mixing of the platinum ions in the precursor. When x = 0.05 or lower, the highest dispersion of Pt could be achieved. The highly dispersed Pt is stable, because of the strong interaction between Pt atoms and the support. The catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, CO temperature-programmed desorption, and turnover frequency. Compared with general precious metal Pt catalysts, the LaCo0.95Pt0.05O3/ SiO2 catalyst exhibited better activity for CO oxidation, and it maintained stability at a high temperature of 400 ℃ for 250 h with complete CO conversion.

Interfacial engineering of graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_3N_4)-based metal sulfide heterojunction photocatalysts for energy conversion: A review

As one of the most appealing and attractive technologies, photocatalysis is widely used as a promising method to circumvent the environmental and energy problems. Due to its chemical stability and unique physicochemical, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become research hotspots in the community. However, g-C3N4 photocatalyst still suffers from many problems, resulting in unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity such as low specific surface area, high charge recombination and insufficient visible light utilization. Since 2009, g-C3N4-based heterostructures have attracted the attention of scientists worldwide for their greatly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Overall, this review summarizes the recent advances of g-C3N4-based nanocomposites modified with transition metal sulfide (TMS), including (1) preparation of pristine g-C3N4,(2) modification strategies of g-C3N4,(3) design principles of TMS-modified g-C3N4 heterostructured photocatalysts, and (4) applications in energy conversion. What is more, the characteristics and transfer mechanisms of each classification of the metal sulfide heterojunction system will be critically reviewed, spanning from the following categories:(1) Type I heterojunction,(2) Type II heterojunction,(3) p-n heterojunction,(4) Schottky junction and (5) Z-scheme heterojunction. Apart from that, the application of g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts in H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, N2 fixation and pollutant degradation will also be systematically presented. Last but not least, this review will conclude with invigorating perspectives, limitations and prospects for further advancing g-C3N4-based heterostructured photocatalysts toward practical benefits for a sustainable future.

Removal of eutrophication factors and heavy metal from a closed cultivation system using the macroalgae,Gracilaria sp.(Rhodophyta)

In this study, the ability of macroalgae Gracilaria sp. of removing eutrophication factors and toxic heavy metals A1, Cr, and Zn in a closed cultivation system is reported. The results show that the concentration of the three heavy metals decreased significantly during the experimental period in an algal biomass dependent manner. The biofiltration capacity of the alga for A1, Cr, and Zn is 10.1%-72.6%, 52.5%-83.4% and 36.5%,91.7%, respectively. Using more materials resulted in stronger heavy metal removal. Additionally, the concentration of chl-a, TN, TP and DIN of water samples fxom aquariums involving large, medium, and small algal biomass cultivation increased first and then decreased during the experiment. COD value of all three groups decreased with time and displayed algal biomass dependency： more algae resulting in a greater COD value than those of less biomass. Furthermore, changes in COD reflect an obvious organic particles deprivation process of algae. This is the first report on heavy metal removal effect by Gracilaria species. The results suggest that macroalgae can be used as a biofilter for the treatment of nutrient-enriched or heavy-metal polluted water, to which an appropriate time range should be carefully determined.

Effect of elements Ni and Co on morphology and type of IMC at Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder joint interface

The intermetallic compound (IMC) is hard and brittle,and its forming and growth at soldering joint interface is an important issue in joint reliability.The data obtained by digital optical electronic microscope indicate that the addition of element Co changes the IMC morphology from ball-like and bar-like to distinct and sharp in crest lines and edges.The addition of elements Ni and Co in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder promotes the nucleation and makes the IMC size finer.The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) determines the chemical compositions and confirms that the IMC is changed into the (Cu,Co,Ni)6Sn5+(Cu,Co,Ni)3Sn4 mixed type from the type of Cu6Sn5 with the elements Ni and Co in the solder.

Effects of four metal Ions on phenylalanine ammoni-alyase activities and flavonoids content of ginkgo biloba leaves

The enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from six years old Ginkgo biloba leaves in the potted orchard were induced by four groups of metal ions respectively. The PAL activities and flavonoids content were measured by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of the whole year were also studied. The results showed that four groups of metal ion treatments had significant effects on the PAL activities and flavonoids contents in Ginkgo leaves. The treatments with 0.1% and 0.3% FeSO4, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% ZnSO4, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% MnSO4, 0.1% and 0.4% CuSO4 not only enhanced flavonoids contents, but also extended the optimum harvest dates of ginkgo leaves. The optimum combination was 0.1% FeSO4, 0.2% ZnSO4, 0.3% MnSO4, and 0.4% CuSO4. It could improve flavonoids content up to 1.619 4%.

Use of Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products

Antioxidants are used to minimize lipid oxidation. Antioxidants can act as metal chelators and free radical or oxygen scavengers, which can slow the progression of lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation may have negative effects on the quality of meat and meat products, causing changes in sensory attributes such as color, texture, odor and flavor, and nutritional quality. Several synthetic antioxidants have been used to successfully prevent lipid oxidation in the meat industry, but consumers are concerned about the health risks related to consumption of some synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in natural antioxidants. Nowadays, compounds obtained from natural sources such as grains, oilseeds, spices, fruit and vegetables have been investigated to decrease the lipid oxidation. In this review, the potential effects of natural antioxidants were evaluated that are widely used in meat and meat products.

定性研究中的求异法及其理论依据

求异法是呈现和解释社会现象内部异质性的一种定性研究方法。求异法以后现代主义理论为起点,力求呈现社会现象内部的差异性,并将被研究者的主体建构作为差异性的来源,强调对被研究者主体建构的意义的理解。求异法的这些特征要求研究者呈现不同被研究者对同一现象的差异化理解,并把主诉的充满异质性的经验材料类型化和理论化,以期对现象进行充分的解释性理解。

Flavonoids from the herb of Bidens pilosa L.

Chemical constituents of the whole herb of Bidens pilosa L. were investigated. By using various column chromatography （CC） and spectroscopic methods, 13 flavonoids were isolated and identified as follows： 2′-hydroxy-4,4′-dimethoxy-chalcone （1）, isoliquiritigenin （2）, 3,2′,4′-trihydroxy-4-methoxy-chalcone （3）, licochalcone A （4）,4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2′,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-chalcone （5）, butein （6）, apigenin （7）, luteolin （8）, diosmetin （9）, chrysoeriol （10）, 3,5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-heptamethoxyflavone （11）, 7-O-β-D-glucopyranosyt-5,3′dihydroxy-3,6,4′-trimethoxyfiavone （12）, sulfuretin （13）. Compounds 1-5, 9, 11 were obtained from the genus Bidens for the first time.

Ternary metal-metalloid-nonmetal alloy nanowires:a novel electrocatalyst for highly efficient ethanol oxidation electrocatalysis

We report rational design and syntheses of ternary noble metal-metalloid-nonmetal alloy nanowires(NWs)as a novel electrocatalyst for electrochemical ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).This novel electrocatalyst is formed in an aqueous solution via anisotropic nucleation and growth of ternary PdBP alloy NWs along assembled cylinder template of Plurolic F127 on a nitrogen-functionalized graphene support(denoted as PdBP NWs@N-G).We find that uniformly alloying B and P intrinsically modulates the electronic states of Pd catalyst and also introduces new functions into the catalyst,while NW structure supported on the N-G exposes more electrocatalytic active sites and accelerates electron/mass transfers.Such add-in synergies of PdBP NWs@N-G kinetically facilitate the removal and/or further oxidation of CO-based poisoning intermediates,thus remarkably enhancing the electrocatalytic EOR performance.They exhibit a high mass activity of 4.15 A mgPd^-1 and superior cycling and chronoamperometric stability for electrocatalytic EOR,much better than previously reported monometallic Pd-based nanocatalysts.More interestingly,this design strategy can be easily extended to develop more sophisticated NWs catalysts with more compositions(for example quaternary PdCuBP NWs@N-G)that further tunes the electronic and bifuntional effects for various desired catalysis and electrocatalysis.