《民法典》合同编典型合同类推规则的检视与思考

《民法典》合同编第二分编对《合同法》(已废止)及其司法解释中的类推规则进行了继承、改革和创新。若以“法无正条而援引比附”作为判定类推规则的标准,典型合同中共有19条类推规则。从规范内容上看,第二分编的类推规则可被分为具体规则类推、典型合同类推、类型合同类推与无名合同类推四类;从规则来源上看,第二分编的类推规则可被分为直接继承型、修改型和新设型三类,修改型又可被分为实质性修改型和非实质性修改型,新设型又可被分为因旧法修改而新设和因新法而新设。第二分编中的类推规则所指向的规范内容,大部分因被援引法律的规范事实构成和欲解决案件的具体事实间具有高度的相似性而具有类推适用的合理性,但也有部分本处于法定可类推适用范围的法律规范,因具体案件事实的特殊构造,不具有被类推适用的可能性。

商主体类型法定原则与商事组织规则的类推适用

由于立法科学性的欠缺,商事组织规则的类推在商事审判实践中存在界限不明的问题,法官在用类推的方式解决立法漏洞时面临极大的困境。作者在分析不能适用类推的诸种情形的同时,指出系争案型与法定案型之间存在类似性是类推适用的关键,并对其判断步骤做了阐释。进而在对类推适用商事组织规则应注意事项进行分析的基础上,提出商事组织规则类推适用的具体规则设计。

Automated soil resources mapping based on decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling

This article presents two approaches for automated building of knowledge bases of soil resources mapping. These methods used decision tree and Bayesian predictive modeling, respectively to generate knowledge from training data. With these methods, building a knowledge base for automated soil mapping is easier than using the conventional knowledge acquisition approach. The knowledge bases built by these two methods were used by the knowledge classifier for soil type classification of the Longyou area, Zhejiang Province, China using TM bi-temporal imageries and GIS data. To evaluate the performance of the resultant knowledge bases, the classification results were compared to existing soil map based on field survey. The accuracy assessment and analysis of the resultant soil maps suggested that the knowledge bases built by these two methods were of good quality for mapping distribution model of soil classes over the study area.

对合同法律适用的认识

本文从合同法律适用的意义和法律适用的规则两个方面对合同的法律适用进行了分析，重点阐述了合同成先适用特别法规则和类推适用最相类似的规则及涉外合同的法律适用，揭示了普通法与特别法，有名合同与无名合同的法律适用等。