文体不宜按部门划分

在写作教学中,近年来有一种按照部门或行业来划分文体的现象。有的同志提出,商业院校要讲“商业文体”,有的教材叫做“商业应用文”就是例子。就多数同志来说,这么做是为了体现商业院校写作教学的特点。不过,这种分类科学性却值得商榷。焦健和笔者所写的《对商业院校语文教学中几个问题的认识》一文, (载《北京商学院学报》1984年第1期)曾经谈到过“‘商业应用文’的说法不妥”,现在对这个看法做一些解释,以尽其意。

Fuzzy Clustering Validity for Spatia Data

The validity measurement of fuzzy clustering is a key problem. If clustering is formed, it needs a kind of machine to verify its validity. To make mining more accountable, comprehensible and with a usable spatial pattern, it is necessary to first detect whether the data set has a clustered structure or not before clustering. This paper discusses a detection method for clustered patterns and a fuzzy clustering algorithm, and studies the validity function of the result produced by fuzzy clustering based on two aspects, which reflect the un-certainty of classification during fuzzy partition and spatial location features of spatial data, and proposes a new validity function of fuzzy clustering for spatial data. The experimental result indicates that the new validity function can accurately measure the validity of the results of fuzzy clustering. Especially, for the result of fuzzy clustering of spatial data, it is robust and its classification result is better when compared to other indices.

Integrated Futures for Europe’s Mountain Regions: Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Human Livelihoods

Europe＇s mountains cover nearly half of the continent＇s area and are home to one fifth of the European population. Mountain areas are hotspots of biodiversity and agriculture has played a multifunctional role in defining and sustaining mountain biodiversity. Ongoing trends of agricultural decline are having negative impacts on mountain biodiversity. This paper presents results from an interdisciplinary European research project, BioScene, which investigated the relationship between agriculture and biodiversity in six mountain study areas across Europe to provide recommendations for reconciling biodiversity conservation with social and economic activities through an integrated rural development strategy. BioScene used scenario analysis and stakeholder participation as tools for structuring the analysis of alternative mountain futures. Three main BioScene scenarios were evaluated： Business as Usual （BAIT）, Agricultural Liberalisation （Lib）, Managed Change for Biodiversity （MCB）. BioScene brought together ecologists, economists, sociologists and rural geogra- phers, to carry out interdisciplinary analysis of the scenarios： identifying key drivers of change, assessing the biodiversity consequences and evaluating costeffectiveness. BioScene used a sustainability assessment to integrate the research outputs across natural and social science disciplines to assess the broader sustainability of the scenarios in terms of biodiversity, natural resources, rural development, social development, economic development and institutional capacity. The sustainability assessment showed that the MCB scenario was potentially the most sustainable of the three BioScene scenarios. Through the reconciliation of potentially conflicting objectives, such as conservation, economic development and human livelihoods, and with a strong participatory planning approach, the MCB scenario could represent an alternative approach to BaU for sustainable rural development in Europe＇s mountains. BioScene confirms the necessity for natural and social scientists to work together to seek solutions to environmental problems. Interdisciplinary research can assist with the definition of integrated strategies with the potential to reconcile the ecological, social and economic parameters that determine a sustainable future for European mountain areas.

The Social Function of Art in the Macedonian Contemporary Society

The recent social processes that are striking the Republic of Macedonia are distorting the nature of many sophisticated socio-anthropological phenomena, including the artistic practices. Thus, we will try to briefly elaborate on several tendencies about contemporary art in the Republic of Macedonia, by ＂screening＂ the theoretical discourses on the issue and by critical perception of recent practices concerning the field. Today＇s views on the creative practices, incorporated in ＂conceptual＂ packages that should develop a new culture of living, are manifested in the creative industries, have been just recently recognized in the Macedonian society. The ＂propaganda＂ character of the treatment of artistic practice changes only formally the media of their manifestations. The idea about the possible and necessary engaged attitude of art towards society had its place also in the modern as well in the postmodern concept of art. In the Republic of Macedonia this ＂ideological＂ attitude towards art regretfully has also become the main mechanism for political domination, manifested mainly in architecture and landscaping of public space. The commercialisation of art supported by the media imposes the discourses of popular art over the content of high art. It seems that art is represented in the field of ＂education and science＂ in the Republic of Macedonia only when certain pragmatic, frequently politicised, interests need to be satisfied.

《健康之路》离我们越来越近——看“健康之路直播”节目感言

活在现在这个社会,金钱很重要,没有钱几乎是活不下去的。但是,人们有了基本的生存保障之后,就有了比金钱更重要的东西,这就是要有好身体,好心情。实际上,人是否活得幸福,金钱并不是决定因素,健康才是幸福之本,好心情才是幸福的指标。于是,越来越多的人明白了健康的价值,开始寻求健康之路。中央电视台的《健康之路》栏目,适应了社会的这种需要,越来越受到人们的青睐。这与《健康之路》栏目不断改革充实,丰富节目内容以适应人们逐渐增长的需要有很大关系。