煤的显微组分定义与分类(ICCP system 1994)解析Ⅳ:类脂体

距国际煤和有机岩石学委员会(ICCP)讨论制定新的显微组分分类近30 a后,国际煤地质学杂志(International Journal of Coal Geology)于2017年发表了类脂体新的分类方案“Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994”。在此之前,ICCP发表了镜质体(ICCP,1998)、惰质体(ICCP,2001)和腐植体(Sykorova等,2005)的分类方案。类脂体新分类方案的发表,标志着ICCP完成了对煤显微组分分类体系的构建。这4个分类方案统称为“ICCP System 1994”。与ICCP的旧分类方案(Stopes Heerlen分类)相比,该类脂体分类适用于所有煤化作用程度的煤和变质程度的沉积岩中的分散有机质。新的类脂体分类方案包括9种显微组分,即角质体、木栓质体、孢子体、树脂体、渗出沥青体、叶绿素体、藻类体、类脂碎屑体、沥青质体。“ICCP system 1994”和中华人民共和国国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》(GB/T 15588—2013)相比,后者有树皮体和荧光体,并明确地划分出了显微亚组分(即孢粉体分为大孢子体和小孢子体,藻类体分为结构藻类体和层状藻类体)。“ICCP system 1994”有叶绿素体,并将荧光体作为树脂体的一种。其他显微组分在国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》和“ICCP System 1994”中相互对应。与“ICCP system 1994”的适用范围不同,国家标准《烟煤显微组分分类》适用于中阶煤。

吐哈盆地侏罗系煤中超微类脂体特征和演化

利用共聚焦激光显微镜和透射电镜对吐哈盆地侏罗系煤进行超微层次有机岩石学分析，发现微米级以下超微类脂体普遍存在于无结构镜质体和一些粗粒体之中。常规光学显微镜下难以分辨超微类脂体，在镜质体反射率Ｒｏ０．５０％～０．７０％时，煤中超微类脂体数量一般为８％～１２％。超微类脂体的光性演化明显领先于壳质组形态组分孢子体和角质体，它是吐哈侏罗系煤中重要的生油组分。

隐丹参酮皮肤角质类脂体凝胶在大鼠痤疮局部的药动学-药效学相关性研究

目的研究隐丹参酮皮肤角质类脂体的药效学与其有效成分隐丹参酮的药动学,探讨其药动学与药效学的相关性。方法采用微透析采样法对痤疮大鼠局部组织液进行采样,并用高效液相色谱法测定隐丹参酮的含量;用液相芯片法检测药效学指标IL-1α和AR的含量,以效应-时间-药物浓度绘制曲线并进行相关分析;采用DAS软件对药物效应-血药浓度进行药物代谢动力学与药物效应动力学(PK-PD)模型拟合。结果隐丹参酮皮肤角质类脂体凝胶皮肤局部给药后2 h药物浓度达到峰值,药效动力学指标IL-1α和AR的含量最小值分别出现在大约6 h和4 h,说明药物浓度与药效之间具有一定的滞后性。药效动力学指标IL-1α和AR与隐丹参酮浓度之间的关系符合效应抑制模型。结论初步研究表明,隐丹参酮皮肤角质类脂体凝胶的局部药动学与局部药效学具有一定的相关性。

华北太原组镜质组中的超微类脂体及其煤性质异常原因

利用超薄切片透射电镜分析技术，对华北太原组和山西组煤中镜质组的超微结构和组分进行了分析，确认太原组镜质组中含有较丰富的超微类脂体，且超微类脂体主要来自菌藻类，山西组和太原组镜质组中超微类脂体数量存在明显差异。证实镜质体中超微类脂体数量和其化学性质紧密相关。从超微组分层次解释了山西组和太原组镜质组性质差异的原因，并分析讨论了太原组煤性质异常性的原因和煤还原程度问题，提出成煤过程中明显菌藻类低等生物贡献是太原组煤性质异常的一个重要原因。

华北东部太原组镜质组中超微类脂体和太原组煤性质异常性的原因

利用超薄切片透射电镜分析技术，对采自华北东部鲁南和苏北１８个矿区的太原组和山西组煤中镜质组的超微结构和组分进行了分析，确认太原组镜质组中含有较丰富的超微类脂体，且超微类脂体主要来自菌藻类。山西组和太原组镜质组中超微类脂体在数量上存在明显差异，证实镜质组中超微类脂体数量与其化学工艺性质紧密相关。从超微组分层次的角度解释了山西组和太原组镜质组性质差异性的原因，并分析讨论了镜质体类型、太原组煤性质异常性的原因，提出成煤过程中明显的菌藻类低等生物贡献是太原组煤性质异常的一个重要原因。

阳离子阿奇霉素微类脂体体内外相关性

目的采用Wagner-Nelson法和反卷积分法评价阳离子阿奇霉素微类脂体(azithromycin cationic micron niosomes,ACMNS)的体外释放与体内吸收的相关性。方法采用动态膜透析法研究ACMNS的体外释放行为,高效液相色谱法测定大鼠单剂量灌胃ACMNS和阿奇霉素(AM)后的血药浓度,通过一室模型Wagner-Nelson法和反卷积分法评价ACMNS的体内外相关性。结果以体内吸收百分数Fa和输入函数R分别与体外累积释放率X建立的线性方程分别为:Fa=3.0524X-5.7709,r=0.8976、R=2.3413X-58.687,r=0.5217,r<r_((2,0.05))=0.9500(P<0.05)。结论ACMNS的体外释放与体内吸收之间没有相关性。

煤和烃源岩镜质体中超微类脂体检出及意义

镜质体是煤中最丰富的显微组分,同时也是烃源岩特别是陆相烃源岩中常见的显微组分。煤和烃源岩中存在着不同类型的镜质体,不同类型镜质体性质的差异性及其原因在石油地质。煤田地质和煤炭利用等方面受到了重视。本文应用透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了我国不同地区煤和烃源岩中镜质体的超微结构,发现镜质体中普遍存在着常规光学显微镜不能识别的超微类脂体,并且镜质体的荧光性和产烃潜能与超微类脂体数量紧密相关。

吐哈盆地及二连盆地侏罗系煤微类脂组分的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）研究及油气意义

吐哈盆地产出有比较丰富的侏罗系煤成油气田，本文用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜和热解分析等手段研究了煤中类脂组及微类脂组的类型、含量、分布与煤成烃性能和产出的关系。观察分析结果表明：在一般煤岩组分观测中主要含煤的西山窑组和八道湾组煤层类脂组含量很少超过１０％，但是一些煤样的热解分析中Ｓ＿１可高达５－２３ｍｇ／ｇ，Ｓ＿２可达１５０─２００ｍｇ／ｇ，ＨＩ（烃／有机碳）可高达１５０─３５０ｍｇ／ｇ生烃、含烃性能较好。进一步用共聚焦激光显微镜观测结果表明：本区一些薄层状、条带状煤层的基质镜质体和叶结构镜质体中微类脂组含量比较丰富，微区定量统计含量在３％─１８％左右。这种富含微类脂组的基质镜质体和结构镜质体在煤成油气中有重要意义，而且由于多数微类脂体在煤中常成点线状、似层状、充填状、网络状分布，可能有利于煤成油气的运移和聚集。

贵定超高有机硫煤中的细菌体及其意义

运用透射电镜（ＴＥＭ）观察贵定超高有机硫煤的镜质组，识别出了多种形态的有机体似的细菌物体，其大，１～２μｍ，内部具层圈状结构或不均一状物质分布，与之共生有大量的０．１～１μｍ大小的超微类脂体。实验还发现，镜质组中细菌体与超微类脂体越富集，有机硫含量就越高，荧光性越强。这意味着细菌活动是导致煤性质异常变化的原因之一。

黏膜DNA疫苗免疫佐剂研究近况

NA疫苗是自 90年代发展的一种新型免疫方法 ,黏膜DNA疫苗作为其中的一种是疫苗研究中的重点之一。而且 ,由于黏膜组织的特殊性 ,使黏膜DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究也倍受关注。有效且安全的黏膜DNA疫苗免疫佐剂不仅可以提高黏膜免疫的效果 。

Effects of Membrane Lipids on the Electron Transfer Activity of Cytochrome b_6f Complex from Spinach

A lipid_depleted cytochrome b 6f (Cyt b 6f) preparation was obtained from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. Upon reconstitution of this preparation with the membrane lipids purified from spinach thylakoid, the effects of different membrane lipids on the electron transfer activity were studied. The results show that the electron transfer activity of Cyt b 6f is obviously stimulated to different extents, respectively, by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), and that the extents of stimulation may be closely related to the charge of the membrane lipids. The stimulation of non_charged lipids (MGDG, DGDG) and neutrally_charged lipid (PC) was high with a maximum enhancement of 89%, 75% and 77%, respectively; but the stimulation of two kinds of negatively_charged lipid (PG and SQDG) was relatively low with a maximum enhancement of 43% and 26%, respectively.

Changes in Violaxanthin Deepoxidase Activity and Unsaturation of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids in Indica and Japonica Rice Under Chilling Condition and Strong Light

To explore the differences of sensitivities to chilling and strong light in indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L), the changes in unsaturation of thylakoid membrane lipids and xanthophyll cycle were studied under chilling condition and strong light. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids of thylakoid membrane lipids decreased and that of the saturated ones increased with the time of chilling and strong light treatment, resulting in the reduction of the index of unsaturation of fatty acids (IUFA). The activity of violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE), a key enzyme of xanthophyll cycle, also reduced. The content of violaxanthin (V) increased, and the contents of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin M decreased, the ratio of (A+Z)/ (A+Z+V) decreased correspondingly. Arrhenius analysis showed that VDE was sensitive to both chilling and unsaturation level of thylakoid membrane lipids. Correlation analysis showed that there was distinctly positive relationships between IUFA of thylakoid membrane lipids and the activity of VDE, Fv/Fm, and D, protein content. Lower IUFA values, less fluidity and stability of thylakoid membrane lipids, lower VDE activity and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratio were found in indica rice cv. Shanyou 63 than in japonica rice cv. 9516 under chilling and strong light.

Effect of a 26-month floorball training on male elderly's cardiovascular fitness, glucose control, body composition, and functional capacity

Background: Floorball training offers a motivating and socially stimulating team activity for older adults, and 12 weeks of floorball training twice a week among men aged 65—76 years have been shown to have positive effects on a number of physiological parameters important for health. However, the effect of long-term participation in floorball training among male elderly has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 26-month self-organized regular participation in floorball training on cardiovascular fitness, body composition, blood lipids, glucose control, and physical function among recreationally active men aged 66—78 years.Methods: After completing a 12-week randomized and controlled intervention with floorball and petanque training in the autumn 2014 or spring2015, 15 subjects chose to participate in floorball training(floorball group, FG), whereas 16 subjects resumed their usual lifestyle(control group,CG). FG took part in self-organized floorball training 1.7 sessions of 40 min/week, and CG continued their normal recreationally active lifestyle during a 26-month follow-up period. At baseline and after the follow-up period subjects were tested for cardiovascular fitness, glucose control(resting blood samples), body composition dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA-scanning), and functional capacity.Results: In FG, the decline in maximal oxygen uptake(VO_(2max)) during the follow-up period was lower(242 ± 379 mL/min, p = 0.01), blood glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) increased less(—1.6 ± 2.9 mmol/L, p = 0.02), and leg bone mineral density increased more(0.03 ± 0.05 g/cm^2,p = 0.02) than those in CG. The effects on body mass, total lean body mass, fat mass, blood lipids, and physical function were similar in FG and CG.Conclusion: Approximately twice weekly floorball sessions with 40 min/session over 26-month appear to reduce age-related decline in cardiovascular fitness and glucose control and improve leg bone mineral density, suggesting that long-term participation in floorball training can be considered as a health-enhancing activity in recreationally active male elderly.

New research on development of solid lipid nanoparticles

To review the latest research development of the solid lipid nanoparticles(SLN) according to the recent relevant literatures.Each preparations of the SLN have advantages and disadvantages.Among the total preparations of the SLN.the high pressure homogenization(HPH) and the microemulsion tech- nique are to praise highly.The drug incorporation and release profiles could be modified as adjustment of production parameters.The SLNis an excellent drug delivery system and has broad prospects in the phar- maceutical field.

Lipid-associated membrane proteins of Mycoplasma penetrans induce production of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells

The aim of this study is to explore potential pathogenicity of Mycoplasma penetrans, and to investigate whether M. penetrans lipid-associated membrane proteins （LAMPs） could induce human monocytic cell line （THP- 1 ） to produce some proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, including interleukin- 1β （ IL- 1β）, tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α）, and IL-8. THP-1 was stimulated with different concentrations of M.penetrans LAMPs and at different time to analyze the production of human IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8. The protein levels of human IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay （ELISA） and the mRNA levels of these proinflammatory cytokines were detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR （RT-PCR）. It was demonstrated in the present study that the production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 increased in dose- and time-dependent manner after stimulation with M. penetrans LAMPs in THP-1 cells. M. penetrans LAMPs also induced the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA. The production of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 and the expression of mRNA were down-regulated by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate （PDTC）. This study demonstrated that M. penetrans LAMPs can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells in vitro, thus suggesting that it may be an important etiological factor.

Source and composition of sedimentary organic matter in the head of Three Gorges Reservoir: a multiproxy approach using δ^(13)C,lignin phenols, and lipid biomarker analyses

A multiproxy approach including bulk organic carbon, δ^(13) C, lignin phenols, and lipid biomarker analyses were applied to characterize the source and composition of sedimentary organic matter in the head part of Three Gorges Reservoir. OM consisted of both natural(autochthonous and allochthonous) and anthropogenic inputs.The natural OM included input from vascular plants,especially non-woody angiosperms. The allochthonous input included plankton and microbial production, likely due to localized eutrophication. Anthropogenic inputs likely derived from petroleum input and/or urban activities.Other anthropogenic inputs were untreated sewage waste.These influences were concluded to be regionally specific point sources of pollution based on relative distributions and on the fact that molecular characteristics of sedimentary OM were not distributed smoothly along a gradient.

A Second Protein Marker of Caveolae:Caveolin-2

Caveolin-2,a protein about 20 kD,is a major component of the inner surface of caveolae,small invaginations of the plasma membrane.Similar with caveolin-1 and caveolin-3,it serves as a protein marker of caveolae.Caveolin-1 and-2 are located next to each other at 7q31.1 on human chromosome,the proteins encoded are co-localized and form a stable hetero-oligomeric complex,distributing similarly in tissue and cultured cells.Caveolin-3 is located on different chromosomes but confirmed to interact with caveolin-2.Caveolin-2 is similar to caveolin-1 in many respects but differs from the latter in functional domains,especially in G-protein binding domain and caveolin scaffolding domain.The mRNAs of both caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are most abundantly expressed in white adipose tissue and are induced during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes.Caveolin-2-deficinet mice demonstrate clear pulmonary defects,with little or no change in caveolin-1 expression and caveolae formation,suggesting that caveolin-2 plays a selective role in lung functions.Caveolin-2 is also involved in lipid metabolism and human cancers.

Coculture of elongated neuron axon with poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) biomembrane in vitro

Objective: To elongate human nerve axon in cultu re and search for suitable support matrices for peripheral nervous system trans plantation. Methods: Human embryo cortical neuronal cells,seeded on poly ( D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane scaffolds,were elongated with a se lf-made neuro-axon extending device. The growth and morphological changes of n euron axons were observed to measure axolemmal permeability after elongation. Ne urofilament protein was stained by immunohistochemical technique.Results: Human embryo neuron axon could be elongated and cultur ed on the PLGA membrane and retain their normal form and function. Conclusions: Three dimensional scaffolds with elongated neuron axon have the basic characteristics of artificial nerves,indicating a fundement al theory of nerve repair with elongated neuron axon.

Effect of tuina exercise on simple obesity in college students

Objective:To observe the effect of tuina exercise on simple obesity in college students.Methods:Fifty-seven college students with simple obesity were divided into two groups according to the stratified randomization method.Twenty-eight in the tuina exercise group were trained in tuina exercise;while 29 in the auricular acupoint sticking group were treated with acuricular acupoint sticking.The tuina exercise group was trained once every other day,and 10 times made one course.The auricular acupoint sticking was replaced once every 4 d,and 5 times made one course.After 2-course treatment,the total therapeutic effect,weight,body mass index (BMI),waist and hip circumferences,serum total cholesterol (TC),triglyceride (TG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed.Results:The total therapeutic effect was 86.2% in the auricular acupoint sticking group and 85.7% in the tuina exercise group.There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).After treatment,the weight,BMI,waist and hip circumferences were decreased and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05).The waist and hip circumferences in the tuina exercise group were lower than those in the auricular acupoint sticking group,showing statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).After treatment,there were no significant intra-group differences in TC,TG,HDL-C and LDL-C in the two groups (all P>0.05),and the between-group differences were not significant (all P>0.05).Conclusion:Tuina exercise has reliable effect in treating obesity.It can produce more significant improvements in waist and hip circumferences than auricular acupoint sticking.But no obvious effect is shown in blood lipid indicators.