Specimens cut from the cold-rolled commercially pure (CP) Ti sheet were treated by high density electropulsing (the maximum current density 7.22 kA/mm2, pulse period 110 las). The deformation behaviors of the CP T...Specimens cut from the cold-rolled commercially pure (CP) Ti sheet were treated by high density electropulsing (the maximum current density 7.22 kA/mm2, pulse period 110 las). The deformation behaviors of the CP Ti specimens at different states were determined by the uniaxial tensile test. The microstructure morphologies were observed by the optical microscopy. The results show that the electropulsing induced formation of f'me equal-axial grains and lamellar microstructures, which leads to the strength of the electropulsed CP Ti higher than that of the conventional annealed CP Ti. After electropulsing, the tensile strength and yield strength are increased by 100 MPa. And the electropulsed CP Ti has a good plasticity. The experimental results demonstrate that the electropulsing provides an effective approach to enhance the strength of cold-rolled CP Ti sheet and retain the required high ductility.展开更多
Through the Pearl River Estuary Wan Qing-sha W2 core AMS 14^C dating of sediments, combining with paleomagnetic test, pollen analysis, and comprehensive comparison with other relevant records, the regional framework o...Through the Pearl River Estuary Wan Qing-sha W2 core AMS 14^C dating of sediments, combining with paleomagnetic test, pollen analysis, and comprehensive comparison with other relevant records, the regional framework of Holocene age was established. Using the combined feature grain size and magnetic susceptibility proxies for the environment, climate change information in the area since about 6 000 cal yr BP was obtained. The result showed the area since the middle Holocene had experienced three stages climate changes of warm and dry - cool and wet temperature and humidity South area of China in the late Holocene climate (especially rainfall) had important changes, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere solar radiation reducing, air temperature decreasing, Asian monsoon weakening, and it had close ties with activities to strengthen El Nino - Southern Oscillation events.展开更多
Particle size, the contents of carbonate and TOC were analyzed on lake sediments from a short core in Hongjiannao Lake to discuss the environmental changes during the past decades. On the basis of the records in lake ...Particle size, the contents of carbonate and TOC were analyzed on lake sediments from a short core in Hongjiannao Lake to discuss the environmental changes during the past decades. On the basis of the records in lake sediments and comparison with the meteorological data of Yulin region, the environmental changes in Hongjiannao Lake were approximately divided into two stages. In stage A (1957 -1996), the lake evolution and the environmental change were mainly influenced by natural factors. It contains three sub-stages: A1 (1957-1969), a period of lake expansion, A2 (1969-1990), a stable period with high lake levels, and A3 (1990 -1996), a period of gradual extraction of the lake. In stage B (1996 -2005), the lake area still keeps diminishing. During this period, organic matter increased rapidly due to the input of nutrient elements in the catchment. The carbonate content, however, decreased. As the precipitation was decreasing and the temperature was increasing, the decrease of carbonate content could not be explained by either temperature or precipitation change.展开更多
The grain refinement of superalloy IN718 under the action of low voltage pulsed magnetic field was investigated. The experimental results show that fine equiaxed grains are acquired under the action of low voltage pul...The grain refinement of superalloy IN718 under the action of low voltage pulsed magnetic field was investigated. The experimental results show that fine equiaxed grains are acquired under the action of low voltage pulsed magnetic field. The refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field is affected by the melt cooling rate and superheating. The decrease of cooling rate and superheating enhance the refinement effect of the low voltage pulsed magnetic field. The magnetic force and the melt flow during solidification are modeled and simulated to reveal the grain refinement mechanism. It is considered that the melt convection caused by the pulsed magnetic field, as well as cooling rate and superheating contributes to the refinement of solidified grains.展开更多
The granular structure, crystal structure and gelatinization temp. of thermoplastic starch were studied with a polarized light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and the crystallinity and crystalline patte...The granular structure, crystal structure and gelatinization temp. of thermoplastic starch were studied with a polarized light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and the crystallinity and crystalline patterns were determined through X ray diffraction. The results indicate that the original granular structure and spherical crystalline structure of starch were disrupted by the action of pressure, heat and shear force with the help of additives. The starch can be melted during extrusion, and part of the spheric crystal was destroyed and changed into a continual amorphous with a few crystalline fractions dispersed in it. The configuration of starch molecules changed from double helices to single helix, which indicated the formation of the complex.展开更多
Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure ...Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the gas liquid solid three phase flow field in a reactor. By image processing based on newly developed software, the number concentrations of sorbent particles and water droplets are presented. The measuring results are very helpful for better understanding the desulfurization mechanism and optimizing configurational and operational parameters in the hydration reactor.展开更多
Aluminium matrix composite reinforced by Al2O3 particles was produced by adding NH4AlO(OH)HCO3 into molten aluminum.The mechanical properties and wear behavior of the as-fabricated composites were studied.The result...Aluminium matrix composite reinforced by Al2O3 particles was produced by adding NH4AlO(OH)HCO3 into molten aluminum.The mechanical properties and wear behavior of the as-fabricated composites were studied.The results show that during stirring γ-Al2O3 particles were formed via decomposition reaction of NH4AlO(OH)HCO3,and the distribution of Al2O3 particles is more uniform in the matrix aluminum than directly added Al2O3 into molten aluminum.The density and the hardness values of the as-fabricated composites increase with increasing the particle volume fraction,while the tensile strength of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the Al2O3 particles.The wear rate of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the particle and loading.The in situ formed Al2O3/Al composite by adding NH4AlO(OH)HCO3 shows more superior mechanical and wear behaviors than that prepared by directly adding Al2O3 particles.展开更多
This paper presents a detailed study on the textural and geochemical characteristics of the proglacial sediments near the edge of modern Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica. The grain size distributions of the proglacial sedim...This paper presents a detailed study on the textural and geochemical characteristics of the proglacial sediments near the edge of modern Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica. The grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are characteristic of glacigenic deposits, but very different from those of aeolian and lacustrine sediments. Moreover, the grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are fractal with a dimension of about 2.9, and the fractal dimensions can be used as another summary statistical parameter for quantifying the relative amounts of coarse and fine materials. Correlations between the absolute element abundances of the proglacial sediments are very weak due to mineral partitioning and other effects of glacial processes, but correlations between the element/Rb ratios are statistically significant. This finding indicates that element/Rb ratios can be used to reduce or eliminate the effects of glacial processes, evaluate geochemical data and determine the sediment provenance in the foreland of Antarctic glacier. Comparisons on the element concentrations among different environments suggest that the proglacial sediments are derived predominantly from local bedrocks and appear to be natural in origin. Thus these natural sediments can be used to study chemical weathering in the proglacial foreland of modern glacier.展开更多
Pilot scale chlorination of TiO2 was carried out with CO as reducing agent.The experimental analysis and modeling of chlorination process of TiO2 in the presence of CO and Cl2 in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reacto...Pilot scale chlorination of TiO2 was carried out with CO as reducing agent.The experimental analysis and modeling of chlorination process of TiO2 in the presence of CO and Cl2 in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor were aimed.Chlorination process was continuously monitored by measuring the amount of produced TiCl4 with time.The effects of different operating parameters including chlorination temperature,feedstock particle size and size distribution,amount of feedstock and Cl2 and CO flow rates on the conversion were systematically investigated.A gradual increase in chlorination temperature led to monotonous increase of conversion rate.Conversion decreased with increased particle size of feedstock.An increase in loaded feedstock led to a decrease in reaction conversion.A model was proposed to predict conversion,particle size distribution and mole fraction of components in gas phase as reaction proceeds.A good agreement between conversions predicted by the model and experimental data under various operating conditions was observed.展开更多
From the sedimentologic view, this paper analyses the grain-size distribution and the chemical composition of the deposits from sand-dust storm, occurring in Harbin on March 20, 2002. The result indicates that there e...From the sedimentologic view, this paper analyses the grain-size distribution and the chemical composition of the deposits from sand-dust storm, occurring in Harbin on March 20, 2002. The result indicates that there exist plentiful coarse matters in the sand-dust deposits in Harbin, and the sand-dust composition presents obvious three peak distribution characteristics, indicating that the sand-dust in Harbin is composed of multi-origin components. The grain-size composition consists of silt (4-8Φ), accounting for 71.18% of the total, sand (〉4Φ), 21.70%, and clay (〈8Φ), only 7.13%. The average grain size (Mz) is 5.14Φ. The chemical elements of the deposits are mainly SiO2 and A1203 and Fe203, totally occupying 77.8%. The enrichment factors (EF) of Mg, K, Si, Fe, Mn, P, Ti, Co, Ni and V elements are all about 1, which mainly come fi'om lithosphere source, while parts of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Se elements are from pollution sources out of lithosphere source, and As, Cd and Sb elements are mainly from pollution sources. Based on the comprehensive analysis of grain-size, chemical composition, enrichment factor (EF), discriminant function (DF) and matter source index (PI), this paper points out that the grain-size distribution and element composition of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin are evidently different from the loess and sand-dust in Lanzhou, and that matter source of the sand-dust in Harbin is different from the loess in Northwest China and the sand-dust in Lanzhon. The sand-dust deposits in Harbin are an admixture of coarse grains transmitted in short distance and fine grains transported in long distance. The plentiful coarse grains of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin origin from sand of local spot, and are the near-souroe deposits transported by low altitude airflow.展开更多
This study aimed to produce spherical TiNi powders suitable for additive manufacturing by plasma rotating electrode process(PREP).Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry...This study aimed to produce spherical TiNi powders suitable for additive manufacturing by plasma rotating electrode process(PREP).Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the surface and inner micro-morphology,phase constituent and martensitic transformation temperature of the surface and inner of the atomized TiNi powders with different particle sizes.The results show that the powder surface becomes smoother and the grain becomes finer gradually with decreasing particle size.All the powders exhibit a main B2-TiNi phase,while large powders with the particle size≥178μm contain additional minor Ti2Ni and Ni3Ti secondary phases.These secondary phases are a result of the eutectoid decomposition during cooling.Particles with different particle sizes have experienced different cooling rates during atomization.Various cooling rates cause different martensitic transformation temperatures and routes of the TiNi powders;in particular,the transformation temperature decreases with decreasing particle size.展开更多
The effects of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and mechanical properties of impure copper containing Pb were investigated using OM,SEM,EPMA,TEM and tensile testing.TEM and EDS analysis reveal that spherical CePb3 ...The effects of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and mechanical properties of impure copper containing Pb were investigated using OM,SEM,EPMA,TEM and tensile testing.TEM and EDS analysis reveal that spherical CePb3 particles form after Ce addition.CePb3 particles,with average size of^3.6μm,homogenously distribute in the Cu matrix.Due to small lattice misfit(~4.62%)with Cu matrix,CePb3 particles can act as effective nucleation sites beneficial to the grain refinement.Pb at grain boundaries seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of Cu.The tensile strength and the elongation of Cu-0.1 Pb are decreased by 43.1%and 56.7%compared with those of pure copper,respectively.Ce can purify grain boundaries,cause the precipitation of CePb3 particles and refine grain sizes,which contribute to significant improvement of the mechanical properties of Cu.Compared with Cu-0.1Pb,the tensile strength(179 MPa)and the elongation(38.5%)of Cu-0.1Pb-0.3Ce are increased by 117.6%and 151.6%,respectively.展开更多
Some investigations have been carried out on hot tears in the A713 cast alloy, which is one of the long freezing range alloys, with objective to minimize/prevent hot tears. Experiments were conducted by varying pourin...Some investigations have been carried out on hot tears in the A713 cast alloy, which is one of the long freezing range alloys, with objective to minimize/prevent hot tears. Experiments were conducted by varying pouring temperatures at 700, 750, and 780 ℃ on the alloy with the addition of grain refiners like Al-2.5Ti-0.5C and Al-3.5Ti-1.5C. It was found that hot tearing was minimized by the addition of Al-3.5Ti-1.5C grain refiner, but grain refinement alone could not prevent hot tearing in A713 cast alloy. This has contradicted the findings of some earlier researchers. Experiments conducted on hot tearing with the addition of iron were found to be interesting. It was found that grain refinement along with iron addition to the A713 alloy has reduced the inter-dendritic separation so that interlocking could take place along the grain boundaries. Thus, iron, which comes as an impurity in commercial aluminum, can prevent hot tearing of A713 alloy.展开更多
The decomposition kinetics for formation of CO2 hydrates in 90 cm 3wet natural silica sands were studied systematically using the depressurization method at the temperatures ranging from 273.2 to 277.2 K and the press...The decomposition kinetics for formation of CO2 hydrates in 90 cm 3wet natural silica sands were studied systematically using the depressurization method at the temperatures ranging from 273.2 to 277.2 K and the pressures from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa.The effects of temperature,pressure,particle diameter,porosity,and salinity of formation water on the decomposition kinetics were investigated.The results show that the dissociation percentage increases as temperature increases or as the initial decomposition pressure decreases.An increase in porosity or a decrease in particle diameter of silica sands accelerates the decomposition.Increasing the salinity of the formation water gives rise to a faster decomposition.However,a combination of the present results with the observations in literature reveals that the effect of the coexisting ionic solute depends on its chemical structure.展开更多
Mechanical activation was used to improve the extraction of chromium in molten NaOH.It is observed that the extraction ratio reaches 97% after leaching for 200 min when chromite ore is mechanically activated for 10 mi...Mechanical activation was used to improve the extraction of chromium in molten NaOH.It is observed that the extraction ratio reaches 97% after leaching for 200 min when chromite ore is mechanically activated for 10 min,but only 34% if not activated.Mechanical activation can decrease the particle size,increase the surface area,and enhance the lattice distortion.Further,the mechanisms for mechanical activation were exposed.The results show that the mechanical activation mainly focuses on chromite ore particle size decrease and the lattice distortion.The formation of aggregation weakens the strengthening effect of mechanical activation for releasing high surface energy.展开更多
The coarse grained(CG)model implements the molecular dynamics simulation by simplifying atom properties and interaction between them.Despite losing certain detailed information,the CG model is still the first-thought ...The coarse grained(CG)model implements the molecular dynamics simulation by simplifying atom properties and interaction between them.Despite losing certain detailed information,the CG model is still the first-thought option to study the large molecule in long time scale with less computing resource.The deep learning model mainly mimics the human studying process to handle the network input as the image to achieve a good classification and regression result.In this work,the TorchMD,a MD framework combining the CG model and deep learning model,is applied to study the protein folding process.In 3D collective variable(CV)space,the modified find density peaks algorithm is applied to cluster the conformations from the TorchMD CG simulation.The center conformation in different states is searched.And the boundary conformations between clusters are assigned.The string algorithm is applied to study the path between two states,which are compared with the end conformations from all atoms simulations.The result shows that the main phenomenon of protein folding with TorchMD CG model is the same as the all-atom simulations,but with a less simulating time scale.The workflow in this work provides another option to study the protein folding and other relative processes with the deep learning CG model.展开更多
Quantitatively determining the sources of dune sand is one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials fro...Quantitatively determining the sources of dune sand is one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D 2 and confidence level 琢for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q 3 ), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.展开更多
Ultrafine oxide dispersion strengthening(ODS)-Mo and ODS-W alloy powders containing different types of oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by spraying method(solid−liquid mixing method)combined with the ...Ultrafine oxide dispersion strengthening(ODS)-Mo and ODS-W alloy powders containing different types of oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by spraying method(solid−liquid mixing method)combined with the reductions with carbon black and hydrogen in sequence.It is concluded that the solution concentration and type of rare earth oxide have no effect on the grain size of ODS-Mo alloy powder,but have obvious effect on that of ODS-W alloy powder.The higher the concentration of rare earth solution is,the smaller the average grain size of ODS-W alloy powder is.Furthermore,compared with doping with CeO_(2),the grain sizes of reduction products of La_(2)O_(3) and Y_(2)O_(3) doped WO_(3) are relatively larger.Compared with the undoped case,there is almost no change for grain size of ODS-Mo alloy powder,while the grain size of ODS-W alloy powder becomes much larger.This is probably due to the appearance of the composite oxide(such as La_(2)WO_(6))formed by the reaction between tungsten oxide and rare earth oxides,which promotes the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of tungsten grains during the reduction process of ODS-W,while there is no complex oxide composed of molybdenum and rare earth oxides in the reduction process of ODS-Mo.展开更多
基金Project (50875061) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Specimens cut from the cold-rolled commercially pure (CP) Ti sheet were treated by high density electropulsing (the maximum current density 7.22 kA/mm2, pulse period 110 las). The deformation behaviors of the CP Ti specimens at different states were determined by the uniaxial tensile test. The microstructure morphologies were observed by the optical microscopy. The results show that the electropulsing induced formation of f'me equal-axial grains and lamellar microstructures, which leads to the strength of the electropulsed CP Ti higher than that of the conventional annealed CP Ti. After electropulsing, the tensile strength and yield strength are increased by 100 MPa. And the electropulsed CP Ti has a good plasticity. The experimental results demonstrate that the electropulsing provides an effective approach to enhance the strength of cold-rolled CP Ti sheet and retain the required high ductility.
文摘Through the Pearl River Estuary Wan Qing-sha W2 core AMS 14^C dating of sediments, combining with paleomagnetic test, pollen analysis, and comprehensive comparison with other relevant records, the regional framework of Holocene age was established. Using the combined feature grain size and magnetic susceptibility proxies for the environment, climate change information in the area since about 6 000 cal yr BP was obtained. The result showed the area since the middle Holocene had experienced three stages climate changes of warm and dry - cool and wet temperature and humidity South area of China in the late Holocene climate (especially rainfall) had important changes, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere solar radiation reducing, air temperature decreasing, Asian monsoon weakening, and it had close ties with activities to strengthen El Nino - Southern Oscillation events.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation(40871093)~~
文摘Particle size, the contents of carbonate and TOC were analyzed on lake sediments from a short core in Hongjiannao Lake to discuss the environmental changes during the past decades. On the basis of the records in lake sediments and comparison with the meteorological data of Yulin region, the environmental changes in Hongjiannao Lake were approximately divided into two stages. In stage A (1957 -1996), the lake evolution and the environmental change were mainly influenced by natural factors. It contains three sub-stages: A1 (1957-1969), a period of lake expansion, A2 (1969-1990), a stable period with high lake levels, and A3 (1990 -1996), a period of gradual extraction of the lake. In stage B (1996 -2005), the lake area still keeps diminishing. During this period, organic matter increased rapidly due to the input of nutrient elements in the catchment. The carbonate content, however, decreased. As the precipitation was decreasing and the temperature was increasing, the decrease of carbonate content could not be explained by either temperature or precipitation change.
基金Project(2010CB631205)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(51034012)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The grain refinement of superalloy IN718 under the action of low voltage pulsed magnetic field was investigated. The experimental results show that fine equiaxed grains are acquired under the action of low voltage pulsed magnetic field. The refinement effect of the pulsed magnetic field is affected by the melt cooling rate and superheating. The decrease of cooling rate and superheating enhance the refinement effect of the low voltage pulsed magnetic field. The magnetic force and the melt flow during solidification are modeled and simulated to reveal the grain refinement mechanism. It is considered that the melt convection caused by the pulsed magnetic field, as well as cooling rate and superheating contributes to the refinement of solidified grains.
文摘The granular structure, crystal structure and gelatinization temp. of thermoplastic starch were studied with a polarized light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and the crystallinity and crystalline patterns were determined through X ray diffraction. The results indicate that the original granular structure and spherical crystalline structure of starch were disrupted by the action of pressure, heat and shear force with the help of additives. The starch can be melted during extrusion, and part of the spheric crystal was destroyed and changed into a continual amorphous with a few crystalline fractions dispersed in it. The configuration of starch molecules changed from double helices to single helix, which indicated the formation of the complex.
文摘Vortexing limestone injection into furnace combined with calcium lime hydration in the downstream is the most promising technology for controlling SO 2 emission. Particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the gas liquid solid three phase flow field in a reactor. By image processing based on newly developed software, the number concentrations of sorbent particles and water droplets are presented. The measuring results are very helpful for better understanding the desulfurization mechanism and optimizing configurational and operational parameters in the hydration reactor.
基金Project(2009BAE80B01)supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology,China
文摘Aluminium matrix composite reinforced by Al2O3 particles was produced by adding NH4AlO(OH)HCO3 into molten aluminum.The mechanical properties and wear behavior of the as-fabricated composites were studied.The results show that during stirring γ-Al2O3 particles were formed via decomposition reaction of NH4AlO(OH)HCO3,and the distribution of Al2O3 particles is more uniform in the matrix aluminum than directly added Al2O3 into molten aluminum.The density and the hardness values of the as-fabricated composites increase with increasing the particle volume fraction,while the tensile strength of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the Al2O3 particles.The wear rate of the composites decreases with increasing the volume fraction of the particle and loading.The in situ formed Al2O3/Al composite by adding NH4AlO(OH)HCO3 shows more superior mechanical and wear behaviors than that prepared by directly adding Al2O3 particles.
基金The work was supported by the Nationa1 Natural ScienceFoundation of China(Grant No.40231002 and 40076032)the project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX2-303)
文摘This paper presents a detailed study on the textural and geochemical characteristics of the proglacial sediments near the edge of modern Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica. The grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are characteristic of glacigenic deposits, but very different from those of aeolian and lacustrine sediments. Moreover, the grain size distributions of the proglacial sediments are fractal with a dimension of about 2.9, and the fractal dimensions can be used as another summary statistical parameter for quantifying the relative amounts of coarse and fine materials. Correlations between the absolute element abundances of the proglacial sediments are very weak due to mineral partitioning and other effects of glacial processes, but correlations between the element/Rb ratios are statistically significant. This finding indicates that element/Rb ratios can be used to reduce or eliminate the effects of glacial processes, evaluate geochemical data and determine the sediment provenance in the foreland of Antarctic glacier. Comparisons on the element concentrations among different environments suggest that the proglacial sediments are derived predominantly from local bedrocks and appear to be natural in origin. Thus these natural sediments can be used to study chemical weathering in the proglacial foreland of modern glacier.
文摘Pilot scale chlorination of TiO2 was carried out with CO as reducing agent.The experimental analysis and modeling of chlorination process of TiO2 in the presence of CO and Cl2 in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor were aimed.Chlorination process was continuously monitored by measuring the amount of produced TiCl4 with time.The effects of different operating parameters including chlorination temperature,feedstock particle size and size distribution,amount of feedstock and Cl2 and CO flow rates on the conversion were systematically investigated.A gradual increase in chlorination temperature led to monotonous increase of conversion rate.Conversion decreased with increased particle size of feedstock.An increase in loaded feedstock led to a decrease in reaction conversion.A model was proposed to predict conversion,particle size distribution and mole fraction of components in gas phase as reaction proceeds.A good agreement between conversions predicted by the model and experimental data under various operating conditions was observed.
基金Under the auspices of Natural Science Fund of Heilongjiang Province (No. G0213), Heilongjiang Province Education Bureau (No. 11511132)
文摘From the sedimentologic view, this paper analyses the grain-size distribution and the chemical composition of the deposits from sand-dust storm, occurring in Harbin on March 20, 2002. The result indicates that there exist plentiful coarse matters in the sand-dust deposits in Harbin, and the sand-dust composition presents obvious three peak distribution characteristics, indicating that the sand-dust in Harbin is composed of multi-origin components. The grain-size composition consists of silt (4-8Φ), accounting for 71.18% of the total, sand (〉4Φ), 21.70%, and clay (〈8Φ), only 7.13%. The average grain size (Mz) is 5.14Φ. The chemical elements of the deposits are mainly SiO2 and A1203 and Fe203, totally occupying 77.8%. The enrichment factors (EF) of Mg, K, Si, Fe, Mn, P, Ti, Co, Ni and V elements are all about 1, which mainly come fi'om lithosphere source, while parts of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Se elements are from pollution sources out of lithosphere source, and As, Cd and Sb elements are mainly from pollution sources. Based on the comprehensive analysis of grain-size, chemical composition, enrichment factor (EF), discriminant function (DF) and matter source index (PI), this paper points out that the grain-size distribution and element composition of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin are evidently different from the loess and sand-dust in Lanzhou, and that matter source of the sand-dust in Harbin is different from the loess in Northwest China and the sand-dust in Lanzhon. The sand-dust deposits in Harbin are an admixture of coarse grains transmitted in short distance and fine grains transported in long distance. The plentiful coarse grains of the sand-dust deposits in Harbin origin from sand of local spot, and are the near-souroe deposits transported by low altitude airflow.
基金Project(2016KJXX-78)supported by the Shaanxi Youth Science and Technology New Star Project,ChinaProject(2016KTCQ01-113)supported by the Shaanxi Science and Technology Co-ordination and Innovation Project,China+1 种基金Project(51604228)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,China
文摘This study aimed to produce spherical TiNi powders suitable for additive manufacturing by plasma rotating electrode process(PREP).Scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the surface and inner micro-morphology,phase constituent and martensitic transformation temperature of the surface and inner of the atomized TiNi powders with different particle sizes.The results show that the powder surface becomes smoother and the grain becomes finer gradually with decreasing particle size.All the powders exhibit a main B2-TiNi phase,while large powders with the particle size≥178μm contain additional minor Ti2Ni and Ni3Ti secondary phases.These secondary phases are a result of the eutectoid decomposition during cooling.Particles with different particle sizes have experienced different cooling rates during atomization.Various cooling rates cause different martensitic transformation temperatures and routes of the TiNi powders;in particular,the transformation temperature decreases with decreasing particle size.
基金Projects(ZR2018MEE005,ZR2018MEE016)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(J18KA059)supported by the Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province,ChinaProject(HJ16B01)supported by the Doctoral Fund of Yantai University,China。
文摘The effects of rare earth Ce on the microstructure and mechanical properties of impure copper containing Pb were investigated using OM,SEM,EPMA,TEM and tensile testing.TEM and EDS analysis reveal that spherical CePb3 particles form after Ce addition.CePb3 particles,with average size of^3.6μm,homogenously distribute in the Cu matrix.Due to small lattice misfit(~4.62%)with Cu matrix,CePb3 particles can act as effective nucleation sites beneficial to the grain refinement.Pb at grain boundaries seriously deteriorates the mechanical properties of Cu.The tensile strength and the elongation of Cu-0.1 Pb are decreased by 43.1%and 56.7%compared with those of pure copper,respectively.Ce can purify grain boundaries,cause the precipitation of CePb3 particles and refine grain sizes,which contribute to significant improvement of the mechanical properties of Cu.Compared with Cu-0.1Pb,the tensile strength(179 MPa)and the elongation(38.5%)of Cu-0.1Pb-0.3Ce are increased by 117.6%and 151.6%,respectively.
文摘Some investigations have been carried out on hot tears in the A713 cast alloy, which is one of the long freezing range alloys, with objective to minimize/prevent hot tears. Experiments were conducted by varying pouring temperatures at 700, 750, and 780 ℃ on the alloy with the addition of grain refiners like Al-2.5Ti-0.5C and Al-3.5Ti-1.5C. It was found that hot tearing was minimized by the addition of Al-3.5Ti-1.5C grain refiner, but grain refinement alone could not prevent hot tearing in A713 cast alloy. This has contradicted the findings of some earlier researchers. Experiments conducted on hot tearing with the addition of iron were found to be interesting. It was found that grain refinement along with iron addition to the A713 alloy has reduced the inter-dendritic separation so that interlocking could take place along the grain boundaries. Thus, iron, which comes as an impurity in commercial aluminum, can prevent hot tearing of A713 alloy.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40673043 20576073) the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from Ministry of Education of China(NCET-06-0088)
文摘The decomposition kinetics for formation of CO2 hydrates in 90 cm 3wet natural silica sands were studied systematically using the depressurization method at the temperatures ranging from 273.2 to 277.2 K and the pressures from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa.The effects of temperature,pressure,particle diameter,porosity,and salinity of formation water on the decomposition kinetics were investigated.The results show that the dissociation percentage increases as temperature increases or as the initial decomposition pressure decreases.An increase in porosity or a decrease in particle diameter of silica sands accelerates the decomposition.Increasing the salinity of the formation water gives rise to a faster decomposition.However,a combination of the present results with the observations in literature reveals that the effect of the coexisting ionic solute depends on its chemical structure.
基金Project(2009AA06XK1485430) supported by the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2007CB613501) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Mechanical activation was used to improve the extraction of chromium in molten NaOH.It is observed that the extraction ratio reaches 97% after leaching for 200 min when chromite ore is mechanically activated for 10 min,but only 34% if not activated.Mechanical activation can decrease the particle size,increase the surface area,and enhance the lattice distortion.Further,the mechanisms for mechanical activation were exposed.The results show that the mechanical activation mainly focuses on chromite ore particle size decrease and the lattice distortion.The formation of aggregation weakens the strengthening effect of mechanical activation for releasing high surface energy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31800615 and No.21933010)。
文摘The coarse grained(CG)model implements the molecular dynamics simulation by simplifying atom properties and interaction between them.Despite losing certain detailed information,the CG model is still the first-thought option to study the large molecule in long time scale with less computing resource.The deep learning model mainly mimics the human studying process to handle the network input as the image to achieve a good classification and regression result.In this work,the TorchMD,a MD framework combining the CG model and deep learning model,is applied to study the protein folding process.In 3D collective variable(CV)space,the modified find density peaks algorithm is applied to cluster the conformations from the TorchMD CG simulation.The center conformation in different states is searched.And the boundary conformations between clusters are assigned.The string algorithm is applied to study the path between two states,which are compared with the end conformations from all atoms simulations.The result shows that the main phenomenon of protein folding with TorchMD CG model is the same as the all-atom simulations,but with a less simulating time scale.The workflow in this work provides another option to study the protein folding and other relative processes with the deep learning CG model.
文摘Quantitatively determining the sources of dune sand is one of the problems necessarily and urgently to be solved in aeolian landforms and desertification research. Based on the granulometric data of sand materials from the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the paper employs the stepwise discriminant analysis technique (SDA) for two groups to select the principal factors determining the differences between surface loose sediments. The extent of similarity between two statistical populations can be described quantitatively by three factors such as the number of principal variables, Mahalanobis distance D 2 and confidence level 琢for F-test. Results reveal that: 1) Aeolian dune sand in the region mainly derives from Hailar Formation (Q 3 ), while fluvial sand and palaeosol also supply partially source sand for dunes; and 2) in the vicinity of Cuogang Town and west of the broad valley of the lower reaches of Hailar River, fluvial sand can naturally become principal supplier for dune sand.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51734002)。
文摘Ultrafine oxide dispersion strengthening(ODS)-Mo and ODS-W alloy powders containing different types of oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by spraying method(solid−liquid mixing method)combined with the reductions with carbon black and hydrogen in sequence.It is concluded that the solution concentration and type of rare earth oxide have no effect on the grain size of ODS-Mo alloy powder,but have obvious effect on that of ODS-W alloy powder.The higher the concentration of rare earth solution is,the smaller the average grain size of ODS-W alloy powder is.Furthermore,compared with doping with CeO_(2),the grain sizes of reduction products of La_(2)O_(3) and Y_(2)O_(3) doped WO_(3) are relatively larger.Compared with the undoped case,there is almost no change for grain size of ODS-Mo alloy powder,while the grain size of ODS-W alloy powder becomes much larger.This is probably due to the appearance of the composite oxide(such as La_(2)WO_(6))formed by the reaction between tungsten oxide and rare earth oxides,which promotes the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of tungsten grains during the reduction process of ODS-W,while there is no complex oxide composed of molybdenum and rare earth oxides in the reduction process of ODS-Mo.