The study on options for catalytic cracking of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan-Russian mixed crude was carried out in a small-scale riser FCC unit. The influence of several catalysts and the LCC-A additive for increas...The study on options for catalytic cracking of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan-Russian mixed crude was carried out in a small-scale riser FCC unit. The influence of several catalysts and the LCC-A additive for increasing propylene yield on the distribution and quality of FCC products was analyzed. This article sets forth the possible issues arising from processing the Kazakhstan-Russian mixed crude in FCC unit and the response measures to be adopted.展开更多
Plant carbon sequestration is an effective way to abate the global warming. However, the field-scale carbon exchange on a peach orchard remains unclear. Here, using an eddy covariance technique, the net ecosystem carb...Plant carbon sequestration is an effective way to abate the global warming. However, the field-scale carbon exchange on a peach orchard remains unclear. Here, using an eddy covariance technique, the net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and energy balance were analyzed on a coarse-sand-field, no-tillage, 12-year-old-peach orchard. The results showed that during full flowering, the ability to sequestrate carbon was significant, it reached on the peak of-0.33 mg （CO2） m^-2 s^-1. During rapid growth, the Bowen ratio was under 0.3 and daily net carbon sequestration reached on the peak of-25.1 g （CO2） m^-2 d^-1. During the leaf fall stage, there is a great deal of CO2 emissions, the peak value of carbon sequestration reached ＋0.60 mg （CO2） m^-2 s^-1. During monitoring period, the daily average of net carbon sequestration and Bowen ratio was 1.22 ± 1.56 and -2.90 ± 6.63 g （CO2） m^-2 d^-1, respectively. The net carbon sequestration could reach -1,052 g （CO2） m^-2 in a year. These results reveal that there is high carbon sequestration on a coarse-sand-field, no-tillage peach orchard.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replicat...The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replications per treatment （12 birds/replicate） were used. Six experimental diets which contained of treatment 1 （negative control） as the conventional layer diet are recommended by NRC （1994） while another dietary treatments; treatments 2 （positive control）, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were formulated to meet 100%, 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of Standard Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels （SIDLL） without crude protein minimum, while methionine （Met）, threonine （Thre） and tryptophan （Tryp） as related by Ideal Protein Concept （IPC） which suggested by NRC （1994） and INRA （2004）. However, metabolizable energy （ME）, calcium and available phosphorus （Avai P） levels of all experimental diets were meet requirement as recommended by NRC （1994）. The experiment was assigned in CRD and laying hens fed dietary treatments from 28 to 44 weeks of age and cage was the experimental unit （3 hens/cage）. The result shown that percentages of thigh （TP）, feet （FP）, drumstick （DP）, heart （HP）, liver （LP） and gizzard （GP） were not affected by dietary treatment. However, weight gains （WG） and percentage of dressed weight （DWP）, eviscerate weight （EWP） and breast （BP） were increased （P 〈 0.05） and abdominal fat was reduced （P 〈 0.05） when birds fad diets containing 130% of SIDLL as compared with control group and another dietary treatments, when increasing the DEAA levels upper to 130% of SIDLL. The result indicated that diets formulated without crude protein minimum and increased DEAA resulted in increasing the efficiency of converting metabolizable energy （ME） to net energy （NE） for increasing weight gain and improved meat products while fat deposition in carcass composition was reduced.展开更多
The boron nitride fibers were heated at the range of 600-1400℃ in flowing nitrogen and air, respectively, and the effects of heat treatment on the structure, composition and morphology of BN fibers were studied. The ...The boron nitride fibers were heated at the range of 600-1400℃ in flowing nitrogen and air, respectively, and the effects of heat treatment on the structure, composition and morphology of BN fibers were studied. The results showed that BN fibers exhibited smooth surfaces, and that t-BN was the main phase with a little B203 included. After heat treatment at 1400℃ in nitrogen atmosphere, the fibers displayed rough surfaces with little change in mass. Better crystallinity was obtained with the increasing temperature. During heat treatment in air, the fibers were oxidized severely as the temperature went up, especially at 1400℃. The volatilization of B203, HBO2 and H3BO3 led to the pores on the surfaces of the fibers, while the boron oxide glaze and nitrogen gas produced during the oxidation process protected the fibers from further oxidation.展开更多
TiA1SiN nano-composite coatings with Silicon contents from 4.1 to 23.9 at.% were deposited on Silicon wafers. The nano- hardness, microstructure, and adhesion force of the coatings were deeply affected by Silicon cont...TiA1SiN nano-composite coatings with Silicon contents from 4.1 to 23.9 at.% were deposited on Silicon wafers. The nano- hardness, microstructure, and adhesion force of the coatings were deeply affected by Silicon contents. The TiA1SiN with 9.0 at.% Silicon has a maximum hardness of 40.9 GPa, a highest adhesion force of 67 N and a lowest friction coefficient of 0.5. Microstructures show that Silicon doping increases the hardness of coating due to solid solution hardening effect and grain boundary enhancement effect. The amorphous Si3N4 matrix, which contains （Ti,Al）N nano-crystals, is formed as the Silicon content is increased. The matrix contributes to the nano-hardness and helps to resist surface oxidization. Especially, the matrix induces low surface roughness and decreases the friction coefficient.展开更多
文摘The study on options for catalytic cracking of VGO derived from the Kazakhstan-Russian mixed crude was carried out in a small-scale riser FCC unit. The influence of several catalysts and the LCC-A additive for increasing propylene yield on the distribution and quality of FCC products was analyzed. This article sets forth the possible issues arising from processing the Kazakhstan-Russian mixed crude in FCC unit and the response measures to be adopted.
基金This work was supported by National Key Technology Supported Program of China （Project 2008BAD95B07, 2011BAD32B03）, the China National Natural Science Foundation （Project 31040006）.
文摘Plant carbon sequestration is an effective way to abate the global warming. However, the field-scale carbon exchange on a peach orchard remains unclear. Here, using an eddy covariance technique, the net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange and energy balance were analyzed on a coarse-sand-field, no-tillage, 12-year-old-peach orchard. The results showed that during full flowering, the ability to sequestrate carbon was significant, it reached on the peak of-0.33 mg （CO2） m^-2 s^-1. During rapid growth, the Bowen ratio was under 0.3 and daily net carbon sequestration reached on the peak of-25.1 g （CO2） m^-2 d^-1. During the leaf fall stage, there is a great deal of CO2 emissions, the peak value of carbon sequestration reached ＋0.60 mg （CO2） m^-2 s^-1. During monitoring period, the daily average of net carbon sequestration and Bowen ratio was 1.22 ± 1.56 and -2.90 ± 6.63 g （CO2） m^-2 d^-1, respectively. The net carbon sequestration could reach -1,052 g （CO2） m^-2 in a year. These results reveal that there is high carbon sequestration on a coarse-sand-field, no-tillage peach orchard.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high digestible essential amino acids （DEAA） on weight gains and carcass compositions of laying hens. Three hundred and sixty lsa Brown hens in five replications per treatment （12 birds/replicate） were used. Six experimental diets which contained of treatment 1 （negative control） as the conventional layer diet are recommended by NRC （1994） while another dietary treatments; treatments 2 （positive control）, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were formulated to meet 100%, 110%, 120%, 130% and 140% of Standard Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels （SIDLL） without crude protein minimum, while methionine （Met）, threonine （Thre） and tryptophan （Tryp） as related by Ideal Protein Concept （IPC） which suggested by NRC （1994） and INRA （2004）. However, metabolizable energy （ME）, calcium and available phosphorus （Avai P） levels of all experimental diets were meet requirement as recommended by NRC （1994）. The experiment was assigned in CRD and laying hens fed dietary treatments from 28 to 44 weeks of age and cage was the experimental unit （3 hens/cage）. The result shown that percentages of thigh （TP）, feet （FP）, drumstick （DP）, heart （HP）, liver （LP） and gizzard （GP） were not affected by dietary treatment. However, weight gains （WG） and percentage of dressed weight （DWP）, eviscerate weight （EWP） and breast （BP） were increased （P 〈 0.05） and abdominal fat was reduced （P 〈 0.05） when birds fad diets containing 130% of SIDLL as compared with control group and another dietary treatments, when increasing the DEAA levels upper to 130% of SIDLL. The result indicated that diets formulated without crude protein minimum and increased DEAA resulted in increasing the efficiency of converting metabolizable energy （ME） to net energy （NE） for increasing weight gain and improved meat products while fat deposition in carcass composition was reduced.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50902150, 90916019)the Graduate Innovation Foundation of the National University of Defense Technology (Grant No. S100103)
文摘The boron nitride fibers were heated at the range of 600-1400℃ in flowing nitrogen and air, respectively, and the effects of heat treatment on the structure, composition and morphology of BN fibers were studied. The results showed that BN fibers exhibited smooth surfaces, and that t-BN was the main phase with a little B203 included. After heat treatment at 1400℃ in nitrogen atmosphere, the fibers displayed rough surfaces with little change in mass. Better crystallinity was obtained with the increasing temperature. During heat treatment in air, the fibers were oxidized severely as the temperature went up, especially at 1400℃. The volatilization of B203, HBO2 and H3BO3 led to the pores on the surfaces of the fibers, while the boron oxide glaze and nitrogen gas produced during the oxidation process protected the fibers from further oxidation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51105222)the State Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB934101)+1 种基金the Science Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Tribology at Tsinghua University SKLT12A01Beijing Research Program(Grant No.100322002)
文摘TiA1SiN nano-composite coatings with Silicon contents from 4.1 to 23.9 at.% were deposited on Silicon wafers. The nano- hardness, microstructure, and adhesion force of the coatings were deeply affected by Silicon contents. The TiA1SiN with 9.0 at.% Silicon has a maximum hardness of 40.9 GPa, a highest adhesion force of 67 N and a lowest friction coefficient of 0.5. Microstructures show that Silicon doping increases the hardness of coating due to solid solution hardening effect and grain boundary enhancement effect. The amorphous Si3N4 matrix, which contains （Ti,Al）N nano-crystals, is formed as the Silicon content is increased. The matrix contributes to the nano-hardness and helps to resist surface oxidization. Especially, the matrix induces low surface roughness and decreases the friction coefficient.
