粘蛋白在膀胱癌诊断中的应用现状

膀胱癌是泌尿系高度恶性的肿瘤，其不易早期诊断，临床患者多为进展期或晚期，故手术切除率低，预后差。膀胱癌的发生、发展：侵袭、转移是一个极其复杂的多环节过程，而细胞粘附分子功能异常在侵袭、转移过程中起着重要作用。本文就近年来相关粘蛋白在膀胱癌中的表达作一综述。

何时吃鱼最好

一般人往往都认为活鱼营养价值高,并将“活鱼活食”奉为上等美餐。其实,无论从营养价值及食用味道来看,食用活鱼或那些刚宰杀不久的鱼,都不是食用鱼的最佳时间。 这是为什么呢?要解决这个问题,首先就要了解鱼。鱼类主要为人们提供蛋白质、无机盐、维生素等。鱼类的蛋白质含量约为15％～20％,其必需氨基酸的组成与肉类很接近,属于完全蛋白质,是生物价值较高的优良蛋白质之一。赖氨酸、蛋氨酸的含量较高,是动物肉类中易消化的一种,进食后容易受到消化液的作用,消化吸收较充分。鱼类的脂肪主要集中在鱼皮、内脏和脑部。脂肪的组织成分大部分为不饱和脂肪酸,故鱼类的脂肪消化率可达95％以上。但是鱼类同其它动物一样,

Screening of hepatocyte proteins binding to F protein of hepatitis C virus by yeast two-hybrid system

AIM： To investigate the biological function of F protein by yeast two-hybrid system. METHODS： We constructed F protein bait plasmid by cloning the gene of F protein into pGBKT7, then recombinant plasmid DNA was transformed into yeast AH109 （a type）. The transformed yeast AH109 was mated with yeast Y187 （α type） containing liver cDNA library plasmid in 2×YPDA medium. Diploid yeast was plated on synthetic dropout nutrient medium （SD/-Trp-Leu-HisAde） containing X-α-gal for selection and screening. After extracting and sequencing plasmids from positive （blue） colonies, we underwent sequence analysis by bioinformatics. RESULTS： Thirty-six colonies were selected and sequenced. Among them, 11 colonies were zymogen granule protein, 5 colonies were zinc finger protein, 4 colonies were zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, 1 colony was sialyltransferase, 1 colony was complement control protein factor I, 1 colony was vitronectin, and 2 colonies were new genes with unknown function. CONCLUSION： The yeast two-hybrid system is an effective method for identifying hepatocyte proteins interacting with F protein of hepatitis C virus. F protein may bind to different proteins. 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Expression of semaphorin 6D in gastric carcinoma and its significance

AIM: To investigate the protein and mRNA expression of semaphorin 6D in gastric carcinoma and its significance. METHODS: The protein and mRNA expression of semaphorin 6D was detected by semi-quantitative rever- se transcription PCR and Western blotting respectively in 30 cases of gastric carcinoma and normal gastric mucosa. RESULTS: The protein and mRNA expression of semaphorin 6D in gastric carcinoma was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa (0.24 ± 0.06 vs 0.19 ± 0.07, 0.26 ± 0.09 vs 0.20 ± 0.10, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Semaphorin 6D may play an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric carcinoma, and is related to tumor angiogenesis.

Knockdown of liver-intestine cadherin decreases BGC823 cell invasiveness and metastasis in vivo

AIM:To assess BGC823 gastric cancer(GC) cell metastasis after knockdown of liver-intestine cadherin(CDH17) and the therapeutic value of CDH17-RNAilentivirus in vivo.METHODS:We evaluated primary tumor growth and assessed local infiltration and systemic tumor dissemination using an orthotopic implantation technique.The therapeutic value of CDH17 knockdown was examined by intratumoral administration of CDH17-RNA interference(RNAi)-lentivirus in an established GC tumor xenograft mouse model.Furthermore,a comparative proteomic approach was utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins in BGC823 and lenti-CDH17-miRneg cells following CDH17 knockdown.RESULTS:Metastases in the liver and lung appeared earlier and more frequently in animals with tumors derived from BGC823 or lenti-CDH17-miR-neg cells than in tumors derived from lenti-CDH17-miR-B cells.Average tumor weight and volume in the CDH17-RNAi-lentivirus-treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group(tumor volume:0.89 ± 0.04 cm 3 vs 1.16 ± 0.06 cm 3,P < 0.05;tumor weight:1.15 ± 0.58 g vs 2.09 ± 0.08 g,P < 0.05).Fifteen differentially expressed proteins were identified after CDH17 silencing in BGC823 cells,including a variety of cytoskeletal and chaperone proteins as well as proteins involved in metabolism,immunity/defense,cell proliferation and differentiation,cell cycle,and signal transduction.CONCLUSION:Our data establish a foundation for future studies of the comprehensive protein expression patterns and effects of CDH17 in GC.

Syndecan-4与肾脏疾病

Syndecan-4分子属黏附分子整合素跨膜粘结蛋白（heparan sulfate proteoglycan，HSPG）四个家族成员之一，可与多种多肽类生长因子或细胞外基质成分结合，协助生长因子信号转导，并激活PKCα，参与细胞的增殖、迁移等重要生物学功能，综述多位学者的研究证明：Syndecan-4在肾脏疾病的发病机制中可能参与一定致病作用。

Transforming growth factor-α promotes mouse blastocyst outgrowth and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases

Objective To study the effect of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) on early stage of embryo implantation.Methods Mouse blastocysts were cultured in vitro in medium containing various concentrations of TGF-α. Blastocyst implantation capacity was evaluated by calculating the percentage of embryos with attachment or outgrowth. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion of blastocysts was observed using gelatin zymography. Results There was no significant difference in the percentage of attachment between control and TGF-α treated groups, but the percentage of outgrowth of TGF-α treated groups was significantly higher than that of the control group after 24h culturing. Gelatin zymography showed that blastocysts cultured in TGF-α treated groups started secreting MMPs earlier than those in the control group.Conclusion TGF-α is involved in regulating the mouse embryo implantation process by promoting blastocyst outgrowth and secreting matrix matalloproteinases.

Clay-protein ultrathin films:Design and bio-catalytic performance study

In recent years, immense interest has been paid to the biomolecular architecture with the aim of protein assembly in two di- mensions on solid substrates, and the constructions of clay-protein ultrathin films （CPUFs） are particularly concerned. This paper gives an overview of the recent research concerning the protein molecules （lysozyme, papain, protamine, bovine serum albumin） immobilized on clay mineral （Na-saponite） platelets and assembled in monolayered or multilayered hybrid ultrafilms or nanofilms. Two techniques including alternate layer-by-layer （LbL） assembly and the Langmuir-Blodgett （LB） are de- scribed in detail. A variety of means, including UV-vis absorption, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectroscopy, XRD, AFM and surface chemistry techniques, have been described for characterization of the films in terms of quantification of protein and clay. The result reveals that electrostatic interaction is a prominent but not the only driving force in CPUF construction. In the case of LB technique, we managed to manipulate the elementary clay mineral platelets （1.3 nm in thickness） and assemble proteins into CPUFs with the aid of surfactants, and the formation of CPUFs was monitored via surface pressure vs. time （a--t） kinetics curves and surface pressure vs. area （a--A） isotherms. The factors that in- fluence protein adsorption on the clay layer, such as surfactants, the concentration of clay, equilibrium time, categories of pro- tein, and injection methods, were investigated. The parameters such as protein amount （nS）, packing density （O）, and average surface area per molecule （.（2） of deposited CPUFs were measured via method of surface chemistry and spectroscopy. By comparing the results of surface chemistry with those of adsorption experiments, we demonstrate that the surface chemistry method is a useful tool in investigating CPUFs. We also found that the water soluble protein molecules could form protein-clay hybrid monolayer over the dilute clay dispersions without addition of surfactants, and CPUFs containing elementary clay sheets and protein with great homogeneity were easily prepared by controlling certain surface pressure. To investigate the bio-catalytic performance of the immobilized lysozyme in CPUFs, we deposited CPUFs onto a cover glass, and installed the cover glass in a flow cell-grown reactor for Comamonas testosteroni （WDL7-GFP） incubation. The results show that the pro- liferation of WDL7-GFP is greatly suppressed by lysozyme, which demonstrates that lysozyme still retains its bioactivity after it is immobilized in the CPUFs.

Chemical synthesis of glycoproteins

Recently, there has been an overwhelming demand for studies on protein post-translational modification （PTM） to understand the increasing complexity from the level of the genome to the proteome. The covalent modifications of proteins with phosphates, lipids, sugars or other residues confer on these proteins additional structural and functional diversity. For instance, protein phosphorylation is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including signal transduction. Protein glycosylation is one of the most abundant PTMs and more than 50% of all human proteins are glycosylated. Glycoproteins are involved in many biological events, such as cell-cell adhesion, communication, immune response and development.

Effects of Electroacupuncture on Serum Indexes of Rats with Hepatic Fibrosis

Objective： To observe the effects of electroacupuncture on the histopathological changes and serum indexes of rats＇ liver, and to investigate the mechanism of electroacupuncture in treating hepatic fibrosis of rats. Methods： The rat model of hepatic fibrosis was induced with carbon tetrachloride. Then, the rats were divided into electroacupuncture group, medicine group, and model group. The collagen of liver, and serum hyaluronic acid （HA）, laminin （LN）, procollagen Ⅲ （PⅢNP）, and collagen Ⅳ （C-Ⅳ） were detected with morphologic methods and radioimmunoassay. Results： Compared with normal rats, the collagen was hyperplasia in the liver tissue, and the contents of the serum HA, LN, and PⅢ NP were higher in the model group. The collagen area of liver tissue, and the contents of the serum HA, and LN were lower in rats treated with electroacupuncture than model rats. The contents of serum of PⅢ NP, and C-Ⅳ changed little. Conclusion： Electroacupuncture had some effects of prevention and treatment, and the mechanism may relate to the effects of electroacupuncture in protecting liver cells, inhibiting synthesis of extracellular matrix, and promoting the breakup of collagen.