《大宋中兴通俗演义》与《精忠录》的关系

明代嘉靖年间,建阳杨氏书坊邀请熊大木编刊岳飞题材小说,其创意来源于《精忠录》的盛行,本意是推出"愚夫愚妇"都能读得懂的《精忠录》普及本。现存嘉靖本《大宋中兴通俗演义》与《精忠录》关系密切,其图像、附录基本同于《精忠录》相关内容,小说正文则包容了《精忠录》前三卷的内容。但《精忠录》的内容远远无法满足岳飞题材历史小说编撰的要求,《大宋中兴通俗演义》的成书吸收融合了大量历史资料和民间传说、小说戏曲的创造。

通过“精听”有效提高初中英语听力准确率

在目前的英语学习当中,结合运用听语音语调的技巧,并不难找到关键词,解决了大把抓的问题。关键词通常会成为得分点,在对学生的训练中是比较难过的一关,许多学生在最初的时候,因为紧张,又出现了眉毛胡子一把抓的问题,但是通过精心指导一个学期后,学生慢慢变得从容,逐渐掌握了方式方法,听力的准确率也得到了提高。大技能听说读写,听排在第一位,可见其重要性。在现实生活中,听却是我们学生包括英语老师的薄弱环节。听的随意和盲目性,导致我们功夫不少下,进步却很慢。如何才能使得听力这部分英语学习的重点,在学生学和老师教的过程中,更加的行之有效呢?

从《精忠录》到《大宋中兴通俗演义》——小说商品生产之一例

权奸当道,是非颠倒的明中叶,人们追思和向往岳飞,是对现实强烈不满的曲折表现,《大宋中兴通俗演义》之选题,在一定程度上满足了当时的社会精神需求。该作据《精忠录》所记岳飞实迹,按《通鉴纲目》而取义,又迎合了当时方兴未艾的"纲鉴"热。趋时和速成,是小说商品生产的两大特征。《大宋中兴通俗演义》虽非文学成熟之作,却因此赢得巨大市场,学步者接踵而至,"按鉴演义"遂形成为明代小说的一个重要流派。在小说史上,这是书商策划、创作小说的典型案例。

明代岳飞故事小说考论

明代为岳飞故事作品发展演变的重要时期。本文以三部长篇小说为中心，考辨明代岳飞故事小说的演变轨迹。于华玉《岳武穆尽忠报国传》、托名邹元标的《岳武穆精忠传》皆据熊大木《大宋中兴通俗演义》改编而成。《大宋中兴通俗演义》的产生间接受到《精忠录》的影响。而《精忠录》最早成书于“土木堡之变”后景泰年间汤阴岳庙成立之时。诸本间流变关系大体可描述为：景泰本《精忠录》一弘治本《精忠录》一正德本《精忠录》～嘉靖本熊氏《大宋中兴通俗演义》一于氏《岳武穆尽忠报国传》、托名邹氏《岳武穆精忠传》。从中可见，明代政治时局变化以及官方褒扬对于岳飞故事作品的产生和繁荣影响深远。

Adaptive multicascade attribute reduction based on quantum-inspired mixed co-evolution

Due to the fact that conventional heuristic attribute reduction algorithms are poor in running efficiency and difficult in accomplishing the co-evolutionary reduction mechanism in the decision table, an adaptive multicascade attribute reduction algorithm based on quantum-inspired mixed co-evolution is proposed. First, a novel and efficient self- adaptive quantum rotation angle strategy is designed to direct the participating populations to mutual adaptive evolution and to accelerate convergence speed. Then, a multicascade model of cooperative and competitive mixed co-evolution is adopted to decompose the evolutionary attribute species into subpopulations according to their historical performance records, which can increase the diversity of subpopulations and select some elitist individuals so as to strengthen the sharing ability of their searching experience. So the global optimization reduction set can be obtained quickly. The experimental results show that, compared with the existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm can achieve a higher performance for attribute reduction, and it can be considered as a more competitive heuristic algorithm on the efficiency and accuracy of minimum attribute reduction.

《精忠录》初刻本的发现及其编纂与流传

《精忠录》是明朝人编纂的有关岳飞事迹、著述,和身后历朝褒典、凭吊诗文的纪念集,是岳飞祭祀史、事迹编纂史及其爱国精神弘扬史上的一部重要文献。早前在国内和日本仅发现了该书的后期版本,初刻本的发现有助于我们厘清该书的编纂和流传过程。《精忠录》由河南汤阴县教谕袁纯初编于明景泰、天顺年间,编成后未刊刻。成化五年由汤阴知县尚玑在初编本基础上增补后初次刊刻,其中所载岳飞《满江红》词是在纸本文献中首次出现。该本此后历经多次递编重刊,在杭州府官员主持下先后产生成化八年后刻本、弘治十四年刻本和正德五年刻本三个刻本,弘治十四年刻本流入朝鲜后产生宣祖印本、肃宗印本和英祖印本三个铜活字印本。《精忠录》后期版本所见版刻插图等亦有较为重要的文献价值。

The Protamine-like DNA-binding Protein P6.9 Epigenetically Up-regulates Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Gene Transcription in the Late Infection Phase

Protamines are a group of highly basic proteins first discovered in spermatozoon that allow for denser packaging of DNA than histones and will result in down-regulation of gene transcription^l~. It is well recognized that the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus （AcMNPV） encodes P6.9, a protamine-like protein that forms the viral subnucleosome through binding to the viral genome[29]. Previous research demonstrates that P6.9 is essential for viral nucleocapsid assembly, while it has no influence on viral genome replication1311. In the present study, the role of P6.9 in viral gene transcription regulation is characterized. In contrast to protamines or other protamine-like proteins that usually down-regulate gene transcription, P6.9 appears to up-regulate viral gene transcription at 12-24 hours post infection （hpi）, whereas it is non-essential for the basal level of viral gene transcription. Fluorescence microscopy reveals the P6.9＇s co-localization with DNA is temporally and spatially synchronized with P6.9＇s impact on viral gene transcription, indicating the P6.9-DNA association contributes to transcription regulation. Chromatin fractionation assay further reveals an unexpected co-existence of P6.9 and host RNA polymerase II in the same transcriptionally active chromatin fraction at 24 hpi, which may probably contribute to viral gene transcription up-regulation in the late infection phase.

Nuclear reprogramming: the zygotic transcription program is established through an“erase-and-rebuild” strategy

Oocytes display a maternal-specific gene expression profile, which is switched to a zygotic profile when a haploid set of chromatin is passed on to the fertilized egg that develops into an embryo. The mechanism underlying this transcription reprogramming is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that by the time when transcription is shut down in germinal vesicle oocytes, a range of general transcription factors and transcriptional regulators are dissociated from the chromatin. The global dissociation of chromatin factors （CFs） disrupts physical contacts between the chromatin and CFs and leads to erasure of the maternal transcription program at the functional level. Critical transcription factors and regulators remain separated from chromatin for a prolonged period, and become re-associated with chromatin shortly after pronuclear formation. This is followed temporally by the re-establishment of nuclear functions such as DNA replication and transcription. We propose that the maternal transcription program is erased during oogenesis to generate a relatively naive chromatin and the zygotic transcription program is rebuilt de novo after fertilization. This process is termed as the ＂erase-and-rebuild＂ process, which is used to reset the transcription program, and most likely other nuclear processes as well, from a maternal one to that of the embryo. We further show in the accompanying paper （Gao T, et al., Cell Res 2007; 17：135-150.） that the same strategy is also employed to reprogram transcriptional profiles in somatic cell nuclear transfer and parthenogenesis, suggesting that this model is universally applicable to all forms of transcriptional reprogramming during early embryogenesis. Displacement of CFs from chromatin also offers an explanation for the phenomenon of transcription silence during the maternal to zygotic transition.

An efficient approach of EEG feature extraction and classification for brain computer interface

In the study of brain-computer interfaces,a method of feature extraction and classification used fortwo kinds of imaginations is proposed.It considers Euclidean distance between mean traces recorded fromthe channels with two kinds of imaginations as a feature,and determines imagination classes using thresh-old value.It analyzed the background of experiment and theoretical foundation referring to the data sets ofBCI 2003,and compared the classification precision with the best result of the competition.The resultshows that the method has a high precision and is advantageous for being applied to practical systems.

Homoeologous cloning of ω-secalin gene family in a wheat 1BL/1RS translocation

Wheat 1BL/1RS translocations are widely planted in China as well as in most of the wheat producing area in the world for their good qualities of disease resistance and high yield. 1BL/1RS translocations are however poor in bread making, partially caused by a family of small monomeric proteins, ω-secalins, which are encoded by genes on 1RS. Based on published sequence of a rye ω-secalin gene we designed a pair of primers to cover the whole mature protein coding sequence. A major band could be amplified from 1BL/1RS translocations but not from euploid wheat. Using this primer set we conducted PCR amplification by using high fidelity Pfu polymerase on the genomic DNAs and cDNAs purified from a 1BL/1RS translocation Lankao 906. Sequencing analysis indicated that this gene family contains several mem- bers of 1150 bp, 1076 bp, 1075 bp, 1052 bp and 1004 bp genes, including two pseudogenes and three active genes. The gene transcripts were differentially expressed in developing seeds.

“岳飞《满江红》”伪托新考——袁纯是“岳飞《满江红》”肇始者

传世的“岳飞《满江红》”一词,首次出现于明代中叶袁纯编辑《精忠录》。自20世纪30年代以来,余嘉锡等学者对此词著者产生质疑,相关争议至今未获得学界共识。在学界既有研究和争议的基础上,对比考辨“岳飞《满江红》”与史载岳飞诗文、元杂剧《东窗记》,同时参证《精忠录》编辑和刊刻的史实,可对该词非岳飞所作,做出进一步的文本研究,提供“内证”阐述。考辨可知,不仅“岳飞《满江红》”系明人伪托,而且伪托的肇始者就是以编纂《精忠录》而使该词“突出于明之中叶”的汤阴县教谕袁纯。

Cloning and Expression Analysis of vasa During the Reproductive Cycle of Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Vasa, which is a conserved member of the DEAD-box protein family, plays an indispensable role in primordial germ cell proliferation. However, the expression ofvasa gene during the reproductive cycle in ovoviviparous fish has not been documented. In this study, the full-length sequence of vasa was obtained from the ovary of Korean rockfish （Sebastes schlegeli） using reverse transcription-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The Vasa with a mature protein of 650 amino acids showed greatest homology （84%） with giant gourami （Osphronemus gorarny） and Pacific bluefin tuna （Thunnus orientalis）. The expression of vasa mRNA in Korean rockfish was detected in gonads only, suggesting its specific role in gonadal development. In addition, seasonal changes in the vasa expression levels were examined in gonads by quantitative real-time PCR. The vasa transcript levels in adult testis were found higher during spermatogenesis than during spermiation. The vasa transcript levels remained relatively high at the early ovary stage but declined during ovary maturation in adult female fish. These results suggest that the vasa gene play an important role in spermatogenesis and early oogenesis during the reproductive cycle of Korean rockfish.

Effects of the crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd on human sperm in vitro

The aim of the present study is to analyze sperm membrane changes and the spermicidal effect in treatment with the crude extract from Polygala tenuifo/ia Willd （PTW） in vitro. The root of PTW was extracted in distilled water. Normal human spermatozoa were used to assess the spermicidal activity （Sander-Cramer assay） of the extract from the PTW root. The hypo-osmotic swelling （HOS） test and the eosin Y （EY） staining were used to detect the integrity of sperm membrane and vitality. The sperm chromatin dispersion （SCD） test was performed to determine sperm DNA integrity. N-9 was used as a reference standard and semen added to physiological saline was used as the control. Semen samples were donated by 42 healthy fertile men. The crude extract from the root of PTW could immobilize and kill 100% spermatozoa within 20 s in vitro at the concentrations of 20.0 and 10.0 mg/ml; at the concentration of 5.0 mg/ml, spermatozoa were immobilized in （39.5±3.2） s. In the groups of the crude extract from the root of PTW and N-9 solution the rate of the normal HOS （tails swollen） and the white head （unstained） was 0%, and the rate of the abnormal HOS （tails unswollen） and red head （stained） was 100%. Sperm DNA fragmentation showed no change in exposure to the crude extract from the root of PTW and N-9 solution. The sperm revival test did not show any spermatozoa that recovered their motilities. The rapid spermicidal activity of the crude extract from the root of PTW in vitro may occur by the disruption of the sperm membrane integrity.

No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria

Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli： the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions： observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions： real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 477-484, 2011].

Micro RNA profiles and potential regulatory pattern during the early stage of spermatogenesis in mice

Spermatogenesis is a complicated and poorly understood process that relies on the precise regulation of the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonia. In many organisms, micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are involved in multiple developmental processes as critical regulators of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing. This study investigated the expression pattern of mi RNAs in type B spermatogonia cells(BSc) and primary spermatocytes(PSc) of mice, using a high-throughput small RNA sequencing system. The results revealed that the expression levels of Let-7 family mi RNAs were remarkably high in both cell types. Furthermore, the expression levels of mi R-21, mi R-140-3p, mi R-103, mi R-30 a, mi R-101 b and mi R-99 b were decreased during the transformation from BSc to PSc. These mi RNAs target vital genes that participate in apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation, junction assembly and cell cycle regulation. These results highlight the indispensable role of mi RNAs in spermatogenesis.