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美国《英语习得法》出台的社会背景因素分析——以霍姆斯的四模式为分析框架
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作者 张桂菊 张仁霞 《广东技术师范学院学报》 2011年第11期71-74,共4页
将《英语习得法》置于霍姆斯的四模式分析框架,对其出台的社会背景进行分析。结果表明:美国主流社会的意识形态、少数族裔学生成绩低下、教师资源和课程文化难以满足多元化学生的教育需求、主流社会担心其语言和文化受到威胁、少数族裔... 将《英语习得法》置于霍姆斯的四模式分析框架,对其出台的社会背景进行分析。结果表明:美国主流社会的意识形态、少数族裔学生成绩低下、教师资源和课程文化难以满足多元化学生的教育需求、主流社会担心其语言和文化受到威胁、少数族裔学生不断增长以及族群构成更加多元等,构成了《英语习得法》出台的背景因素。 展开更多
关键词 英语习得法 语言少数族裔儿童 规范模式 组织制度模式 精神状态模式 自然环境模式
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影响美国语言教育政策出台的背景因素研究——基于霍姆斯四模式研究框架
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作者 张桂菊 《济南大学学报(社会科学版)》 2011年第4期77-81,92,共5页
美国社会语言能力有限的问题使大量语言少数族裔儿童①因学业成绩不佳,未来不能积极有效地参与政治、民主、经济等国家生活之中。2002年颁布的《英语习得法》使实施34年的《双语教育法》退出历史舞台。以霍姆斯四模式为分析框架,把《双... 美国社会语言能力有限的问题使大量语言少数族裔儿童①因学业成绩不佳,未来不能积极有效地参与政治、民主、经济等国家生活之中。2002年颁布的《英语习得法》使实施34年的《双语教育法》退出历史舞台。以霍姆斯四模式为分析框架,把《双语教育法》和《英语习得法》置于规范模式、组织制度模式、精神状态模式和自然环境模式中,对不同语境下美国语言教育政策出台的背景因素分析表明,联邦政府将变相的教育机会"不平等"又一次"悄然"转嫁给语言少数族裔学生。 展开更多
关键词 美国语言教育政策 语言少数族裔学生 规范模式 组织制度模式 精神状态模式 自然环境模式
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No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria 被引量:1
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作者 Anna WILKINSON Natalie SEBANZ +1 位作者 Isabella MANDL Ludwig HUBER 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2011年第4期477-484,共8页
Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it ... Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli: the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions: observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions: real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 (4): 477-484, 2011]. 展开更多
关键词 REPTILE Contagious yawn EMPATHY Nonconscious mimicry Fixed action pattern
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