The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmenta...The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However,several genes,inside and outside the HLA locus,have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified,but several have been proposed,mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers,emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.展开更多
Olefins find widespread applications in the synthesis of polyolefins and fine chemicals. With an increasing demand for olefins, the technologies for alkane dehydrogenation have drawn much attention. Several types of h...Olefins find widespread applications in the synthesis of polyolefins and fine chemicals. With an increasing demand for olefins, the technologies for alkane dehydrogenation have drawn much attention. Several types of heterogeneous catalysts have found applications in industry for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes, mainly ethane, propane, and butane. In the past three decades, a number of transition-metal complexes,particularly pincer-ligated iridium complexes, have been developed as the homogeneous catalysts for alkane dehydrogenations. The homogeneous catalyst systems operate under much milder conditions compared with the heterogeneous systems, and some systems exhibit good activity and high regioselectivity in dehydrogenation of alkanes longer than butane.展开更多
文摘The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is complex. However,it is believed that a susceptible individual,owing to his genetic background,sex and age,can develop the disease following exposure to an environmental trigger. Autoimmune hepatitis does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance; hence no single causative genetic locus has been identified. However,several genes,inside and outside the HLA locus,have been linked to an increased susceptibility to AIH. Epidemiological evidence also suggests that the sex and age of the patient plays a role in AIH pathogenesis as the disease onset occurs mainly in the two first decades of life and a higher disease incidence is observed in females. No environmental trigger has been identified,but several have been proposed,mainly viruses and xenobiotics. This article aims at reviewing the current knowledge on susceptibility factors leading to AIH and putative triggers,emphasizing fundamental mechanisms responsible for the break of liver immunological tolerance.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB856600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21422209,21432011,21421091)
文摘Olefins find widespread applications in the synthesis of polyolefins and fine chemicals. With an increasing demand for olefins, the technologies for alkane dehydrogenation have drawn much attention. Several types of heterogeneous catalysts have found applications in industry for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes, mainly ethane, propane, and butane. In the past three decades, a number of transition-metal complexes,particularly pincer-ligated iridium complexes, have been developed as the homogeneous catalysts for alkane dehydrogenations. The homogeneous catalyst systems operate under much milder conditions compared with the heterogeneous systems, and some systems exhibit good activity and high regioselectivity in dehydrogenation of alkanes longer than butane.
