该文提出了配电系统安全域(distribution system security region,DSSR)体积的概念与算法,分析了DSSR体积对电网的意义。首先,对DSSR体积进行了定义,DSSR描述了配电系统满足N-1安全的运行范围,体积是DSSR大小的度量。其次,提出了DSSR高...该文提出了配电系统安全域(distribution system security region,DSSR)体积的概念与算法,分析了DSSR体积对电网的意义。首先,对DSSR体积进行了定义,DSSR描述了配电系统满足N-1安全的运行范围,体积是DSSR大小的度量。其次,提出了DSSR高效运行区的体积定义。再次,提出了基于蒙特卡罗仿真的DSSR体积算法。最后,通过算例验证了体积算法,并进一步研究了体积的用途。DSSR体积能提供一些最大供电能力(total supply capacity,TSC)无法给出的重要信息,选取TSC相同但DSSR体积不同的电网比较,发现体积大的电网具有更好的安全性能,在各个负荷增长方向上的安全裕量更均衡。该文提出的DSSR体积是反映配电网安全性能的新指标,对未来配电网的规划和运行具有重要的应用价值。展开更多
In the framework of systematic science of alloys,the average molar property（volume and potential energy） functions of disordered alloys were established.From these functions,the average molar property functions,part...In the framework of systematic science of alloys,the average molar property（volume and potential energy） functions of disordered alloys were established.From these functions,the average molar property functions,partial molar property functions,derivative functions with respect to composition,general equation of relationship between partial and average molar properties of components,difference equation and constraining equation of different values between partial and average molar properties,as well as general Gibbs-Duhem formula were derived.It was proved that the partial molar properties calculated from various combinative functions of average molar properties of alloys are equal,but in general,the partial molar properties are not equal to the average molar properties of a given component.This means that the partial molar properties cannot represent the corresponding properties of the component.All the equations and functions established in this work were proved to be correct by calculating the results of partial and average atomic volumes of components as well as average atomic volumes of alloys in the Au-Ni system.展开更多
The findings were presented from laboratory investigations on the hydrate formation and dissociation processes employed to recover methane from coal mine gas.The separation process of coal mine methane(CMM) was carrie...The findings were presented from laboratory investigations on the hydrate formation and dissociation processes employed to recover methane from coal mine gas.The separation process of coal mine methane(CMM) was carried out at 273.15K under 4.00 MPa.The key process variables of gas formation rate,gas volume stored in hydrate and separation concentration were closely investigated in twelve THF-SDS-sponge-gas systems to verify the sponge effect in these hydrate-based separation processes.The gas volume stored in hydrate is calculated based on the measured gas pressure.The CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase is measured by gas chromatography to confirm the separation efficiency.Through close examination of the overall results,it was clearly verified that sponges with volumes of 40,60 and 80 cm 3 significantly increase gas hydrate formation rate and the gas volume stored in hydrate,and have little effect on the CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase.The present study provides references for the application of the kinetic effect of porous sponge media in hydrate-based technology.This will contribute to CMM utilization and to benefit for local and global environment.展开更多
A combined first and second-order model, which includes bulk decay and wall decay, was developed to describe chlorine decay in water distribution systems. In the model the bulk decay has complex relationships with tot...A combined first and second-order model, which includes bulk decay and wall decay, was developed to describe chlorine decay in water distribution systems. In the model the bulk decay has complex relationships with total organic carbon (TOC), the initial chlorine concentration and the temperature. Except for the initial stages they can be simplified into a linear increase with TOC, a linear decrease with initial chlorine concentration and an exponential relationship with the temperature. The model also explains why chlorine decays rapidly in the initial stages. The parameters of model are determined by deriving the best fitness with experimental data. And the accuracy of model has been verified by using the experimental data and the monitoring data in a distribution system.展开更多
Hydraulic cylinders are divided into single-rod asymmetric cylinders and double-rod symmetric cylinders. The single-rod asymmetric cylinder has the advantages of small size and simple structure,but its speed character...Hydraulic cylinders are divided into single-rod asymmetric cylinders and double-rod symmetric cylinders. The single-rod asymmetric cylinder has the advantages of small size and simple structure,but its speed characteristic is not symmetric. The double rod symmetric cylinder has the characteristic of symmetric speed,but it cannot be used in some special occasions. In this paper,one special hydraulic cylinder,a single-rod symmetric cylinder,is developed. Firstly,characters of this type of cylinder are introduced. Then,the system model is constructed by using one software which is Simulation X. Moreover,one single rod asymmetric cylinder is designed and the test rig using the symmetric valve to control single-rod symmetric or asymmetric cylinder is constructed. Both of the simulation and experimental results show that the symmetric valve control single-rod symmetric cylinder servo system is of symmetric speed characteristic,which can be used in practical occasion.展开更多
The duct static pressure reset (DSPR) control method is a popular modern control method widely applied to variable air volume (VAV) systems of commercial buildings. In this paper, a VAV system simulation program was u...The duct static pressure reset (DSPR) control method is a popular modern control method widely applied to variable air volume (VAV) systems of commercial buildings. In this paper, a VAV system simulation program was used to predict the system performance and zone air temperature of two kinds of layouts that were applied to a typical floor of an existing building office in Hong Kong. The position where the static pressure sensor was placed should affect the zones temperature and energy consumption. The comparison of predictions of the two kinds of layouts indicates that with the same DSPR control method the layout of the air duct might influence the fan control result and energy savings.展开更多
基金Project (51071181) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2010FJ4034) supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘In the framework of systematic science of alloys,the average molar property（volume and potential energy） functions of disordered alloys were established.From these functions,the average molar property functions,partial molar property functions,derivative functions with respect to composition,general equation of relationship between partial and average molar properties of components,difference equation and constraining equation of different values between partial and average molar properties,as well as general Gibbs-Duhem formula were derived.It was proved that the partial molar properties calculated from various combinative functions of average molar properties of alloys are equal,but in general,the partial molar properties are not equal to the average molar properties of a given component.This means that the partial molar properties cannot represent the corresponding properties of the component.All the equations and functions established in this work were proved to be correct by calculating the results of partial and average atomic volumes of components as well as average atomic volumes of alloys in the Au-Ni system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50874040 50904026） the Scientific Research Fund of Heilongjiang Provincial Education Department （11551420）
文摘The findings were presented from laboratory investigations on the hydrate formation and dissociation processes employed to recover methane from coal mine gas.The separation process of coal mine methane(CMM) was carried out at 273.15K under 4.00 MPa.The key process variables of gas formation rate,gas volume stored in hydrate and separation concentration were closely investigated in twelve THF-SDS-sponge-gas systems to verify the sponge effect in these hydrate-based separation processes.The gas volume stored in hydrate is calculated based on the measured gas pressure.The CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase is measured by gas chromatography to confirm the separation efficiency.Through close examination of the overall results,it was clearly verified that sponges with volumes of 40,60 and 80 cm 3 significantly increase gas hydrate formation rate and the gas volume stored in hydrate,and have little effect on the CH4 mole fraction in hydrate phase.The present study provides references for the application of the kinetic effect of porous sponge media in hydrate-based technology.This will contribute to CMM utilization and to benefit for local and global environment.
基金Sponsored by Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (No. 94004)
文摘A combined first and second-order model, which includes bulk decay and wall decay, was developed to describe chlorine decay in water distribution systems. In the model the bulk decay has complex relationships with total organic carbon (TOC), the initial chlorine concentration and the temperature. Except for the initial stages they can be simplified into a linear increase with TOC, a linear decrease with initial chlorine concentration and an exponential relationship with the temperature. The model also explains why chlorine decays rapidly in the initial stages. The parameters of model are determined by deriving the best fitness with experimental data. And the accuracy of model has been verified by using the experimental data and the monitoring data in a distribution system.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51505289)
文摘Hydraulic cylinders are divided into single-rod asymmetric cylinders and double-rod symmetric cylinders. The single-rod asymmetric cylinder has the advantages of small size and simple structure,but its speed characteristic is not symmetric. The double rod symmetric cylinder has the characteristic of symmetric speed,but it cannot be used in some special occasions. In this paper,one special hydraulic cylinder,a single-rod symmetric cylinder,is developed. Firstly,characters of this type of cylinder are introduced. Then,the system model is constructed by using one software which is Simulation X. Moreover,one single rod asymmetric cylinder is designed and the test rig using the symmetric valve to control single-rod symmetric or asymmetric cylinder is constructed. Both of the simulation and experimental results show that the symmetric valve control single-rod symmetric cylinder servo system is of symmetric speed characteristic,which can be used in practical occasion.
文摘The duct static pressure reset (DSPR) control method is a popular modern control method widely applied to variable air volume (VAV) systems of commercial buildings. In this paper, a VAV system simulation program was used to predict the system performance and zone air temperature of two kinds of layouts that were applied to a typical floor of an existing building office in Hong Kong. The position where the static pressure sensor was placed should affect the zones temperature and energy consumption. The comparison of predictions of the two kinds of layouts indicates that with the same DSPR control method the layout of the air duct might influence the fan control result and energy savings.
