Lithium ion batteries are complicated distributed parameter systems that can be described preferably by partial differential equations and a field theory. To reduce the solution difficulty and the calculation amount, ...Lithium ion batteries are complicated distributed parameter systems that can be described preferably by partial differential equations and a field theory. To reduce the solution difficulty and the calculation amount, if a distributed parameter system is described by ordinary differential equations （ODE） during the analysis and the design of distributed parameter system, the reliability of the system description will be reduced, and the systemic errors will be introduced. Studies on working condition real-time monitoring can improve the security because the rechargeable LIBs are widely used in many electronic systems and electromechanical equipment. Single particle model （SPM） is the simplification of LIB under some approximations, and can estimate the working parameters of a LIB at the faster simulation speed. A LIB modelling algorithm based on PDEs and SPM is proposed to monitor the working condition of LIBs in real time. Although the lithium ion concentration is an unmeasurable distributed parameter in the anode of LIB, the working condition monitoring model can track the real time lithium ion concentration in the anode of LIB, and calculate the residual which is the difference between the ideal data and the measured data. A fault alarm can be triggered when the residual is beyond the preset threshold. A simulation example verifies that the effectiveness and the accuracy of the working condition real-time monitoring model of LIB based on PDEs and SPM.展开更多
Sewerage systems first appeared in Paris in the middle of 19th century. Even if the majority of structures are still in working order, their general state will deteriorate inexorably, and as reconstruction is not alwa...Sewerage systems first appeared in Paris in the middle of 19th century. Even if the majority of structures are still in working order, their general state will deteriorate inexorably, and as reconstruction is not always possible for cost and social impact reasons, rehabilitation is a solution adopted by many clients. It is necessary to resort to new rehabilitation techniques. Reinforcement by bonding composite materials has many advantages compared to other techniques. The objective of the experimental campaign presented in this paper is to study the addition of a lining by means of mortar reinforced by thin composite materials so as to restore masonry structures. To that purpose, crushing tests on masonry vaults have been carried out. The application of a lining made of mortar reinforced with composite materials has allowed increasing the breaking load and delaying the occurrence of the first cracks. This article presents the characterization of the materials. Moreover, the results of the breaking tests applied to masonry vaults are shown in this paper. A comparison with a traditional type of rehabilitation by a 6 cm-thick shotcrete lining will be performed.展开更多
This paper mainly is study on power system working state with neutral point different grounded methods, when the power system is normal working and the single-phase grounding. And further analysis of the different ope...This paper mainly is study on power system working state with neutral point different grounded methods, when the power system is normal working and the single-phase grounding. And further analysis of the different operating modes of voltage and current relationships, expounds the different operation occasions and characteristics.展开更多
文摘Lithium ion batteries are complicated distributed parameter systems that can be described preferably by partial differential equations and a field theory. To reduce the solution difficulty and the calculation amount, if a distributed parameter system is described by ordinary differential equations （ODE） during the analysis and the design of distributed parameter system, the reliability of the system description will be reduced, and the systemic errors will be introduced. Studies on working condition real-time monitoring can improve the security because the rechargeable LIBs are widely used in many electronic systems and electromechanical equipment. Single particle model （SPM） is the simplification of LIB under some approximations, and can estimate the working parameters of a LIB at the faster simulation speed. A LIB modelling algorithm based on PDEs and SPM is proposed to monitor the working condition of LIBs in real time. Although the lithium ion concentration is an unmeasurable distributed parameter in the anode of LIB, the working condition monitoring model can track the real time lithium ion concentration in the anode of LIB, and calculate the residual which is the difference between the ideal data and the measured data. A fault alarm can be triggered when the residual is beyond the preset threshold. A simulation example verifies that the effectiveness and the accuracy of the working condition real-time monitoring model of LIB based on PDEs and SPM.
文摘Sewerage systems first appeared in Paris in the middle of 19th century. Even if the majority of structures are still in working order, their general state will deteriorate inexorably, and as reconstruction is not always possible for cost and social impact reasons, rehabilitation is a solution adopted by many clients. It is necessary to resort to new rehabilitation techniques. Reinforcement by bonding composite materials has many advantages compared to other techniques. The objective of the experimental campaign presented in this paper is to study the addition of a lining by means of mortar reinforced by thin composite materials so as to restore masonry structures. To that purpose, crushing tests on masonry vaults have been carried out. The application of a lining made of mortar reinforced with composite materials has allowed increasing the breaking load and delaying the occurrence of the first cracks. This article presents the characterization of the materials. Moreover, the results of the breaking tests applied to masonry vaults are shown in this paper. A comparison with a traditional type of rehabilitation by a 6 cm-thick shotcrete lining will be performed.
文摘This paper mainly is study on power system working state with neutral point different grounded methods, when the power system is normal working and the single-phase grounding. And further analysis of the different operating modes of voltage and current relationships, expounds the different operation occasions and characteristics.
