不同耕作模式对农田系统能值的影响

基于能值理论分析体系,比较不同耕作模式下农田系统的生态指标和可持续发展性,为筛选出适合本地区应用的农田耕作模式提供理论依据。本试验共设置农民传统耕作(CK)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(T1)、深松耕作+秸秆还田(T2)、免耕+秸秆还田(T3)4个处理。农田能值系统分析可知,CK模式下农田生态系统经济发展活力低,属于消费型生态经济系统,环境负载率超过T1模式的4倍,说明秸秆还田能有效降低农田生态系统的环境负载率,降低农田对不可更新环境资源依赖程度,减轻农田环境压力;同时秸秆还田能提高土地面积的能值投入量,T1、T2、T3处理能值投入率分别为农民传统耕作的1.57、1.63、1.59倍,增强农田生态系统集约化程度;四种不同处理(CK、T1、T2和T3)下农田生态系统可持续发展指数分别为0.31、0.91、1.01、1.02,说明T1、T2、T3处理均能显著提高农田系统可持续发展水平,其中T2、T3为更适合本地区的农业生态耕作模式。

基于能值相图的海洋渔业生态经济系统可持续发展评价——以山东省为例

运用能值相图对山东省海洋渔业生态经济系统可持续发展评价的结果表明,2003—2015年,山东省海洋渔业生态经济系统的可更新自然资源、净化废弃物能值和经济社会反馈能值的投入比例存在明显差别,并且三者之间的比例结构在12年间发生了明显变化;山东省海洋渔业生态经济系统中经济社会反馈能值投入大幅度增加,能值产出率下降,海洋生态环境负载压力不断增加,系统的可持续发展状况明显下降。创新海洋渔业生态经济系统管理模式,不断降低经济社会反馈能值投入占比和净化废弃物的能值投入占比,提高经济社会投入能值的产出效率,是实现海洋渔业可持续发展的一种可行方案。

Emergy Efficiency and Structural Adjustment of Hunan Agro-ecosystem

[Objective] To analyze the efficiency of Hunan agro-ecosystem in 1980- 2010. [Method] This paper adopts the emergy methods to evaluate the emergy input and output. [Result] The growth of total emergy input was mainly caused by the auxiliary factors in this phase. The proportion of the nonrenewable purchased emergy input to the total auxiliary emergy input increased from 21.80% in 1980 to 33.04% in 2010. In 1980-2010 the total emergy output of the system increased by 2.43 times, the proportions of the stock farming emergy output and fishery emergy output to the total emergy output increased sharply, while those of the planting emergy output and forestry emergy output showed a considerable decline. [Conclusion] The emergy yield ratio of this system was improved but its sustainability was worrying.

Energy-based marine ecological footprint in Shandong province, China

An energy-based ecological footprint model was set up to monitor the sustainable development status of a specific marine system. This model used unit energy value and energy density to convert the consumption into ecological productive areas. It can reflect the utilization degree of resources in the regional development. Then, the quantitative analysis of sustainable development was done by comparing the size of the areas. We defined the concept of energy-based ecological footprint of marine and built energy-based ecological footprint model of marine. Then we applied this model to marine ecological system of Shandong province to evaluate its sustainable development statue. The results showed that the energy-based marine ecological footprint of the marine ecological system in Shandong province was 1.74 × 106 hm^2 in 2010, and the energy-based ecological carrying capacity of this area was 1.60×107 hm^2 per capita. Thus, the marine ecological system of Shandong province has strong sustainability.

Preliminary Evaluation on Urban Forest Ecosystem Services Function in Meizhou City

In order to better explore the function of urban forest in human habitation and settlement environment,the ecosystem functions were evaluated in terms of air purification,water conservation,soil conservation,maintenance of biodiversity in Meizhou by the methods of market price,shadow prices approach and opportunity cost,and the problems of the value assessment at home and abroad in urban forest ecosystem services function were simply discussed.

Sustainability Evaluation of Different Systems for Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) Farming Based on Emergy Theory

Emergy analysis is effective for analyzing ecological economic systems. However, the accuracy of the approach is af- fected by the diversity of economic level, meteorological and hydrological parameters in different regions. The present study evalu- ated the economic benefits, environmental impact, and sustainability of indoor, semi-intensive and extensive farming systems of sea cucumber （Apostichopus japonicus） in the same region. The results showed that A. japonicus indoor farming system was high in input and output （yield） whereas pond extensive farming system was low in input and output. The output/input ratio of indoor fann- ing system was lower than that of pond extensive farming system, and the output/input ratio of semi-intensive farming system fell in between them. The environmental loading ratio of A.japonicus extensive fanning system was lower than that of indoor farming sys- tem. In addition, the emergy yield and emergy exchange ratios, and emergy sustainability and emergy indexes for sustainable devel- opment were higher in extensive farming system than those in indoor farming system. These results indicated that the current exten- sive farming system exerted fewer negative influences on the environment, made more efficient use of available resources, and met more sustainable development requirements than the indoor farming system. A. japonicus farming systems showed more emergy benefits than fish fanning systems. The pond fanning systems ofA. japonicus exploited more free local environmental resources for production, caused less potential pressure on the local environment, and achieved higher sustainability than indoor farming system.

Concept and Evaluation of Ecosystem Intrinsic Value

Ecosystem valuation can serve as a basis of scientific support for decision-making. So far, the most popular methods for ecosystem valuation are ecosystem service valuation （ESV）, which is based on the utility of ecosystem to human beings rather than on the objective value of the ecosystem. After more than 10 years＇ application, it has been found that all losses of ESV were about 10% of the benefits of human activities. In this paper, the ecosystem intrinsic value （EIV） is defined. EIV is an objective value that emerges from the existence, structures, functions and processes of ecosystem, but independent with man, man＇s will and preferences. The valuating approach and methods used for EIV were developed by using energy approach and the methods of emergy analysis and eco-exergy analysis. The EIV calculated by emergy from the substance, energy and information of ecosystem and by eco-exergy from the structure and function of ecosystem represents the existent value and the externally working capacity of ecosystem, respectively. The approach and methods of EIV evaluation were applied to Xiamen Bay, China. The results showed that the marine EIV in Xiamen Bay was 209 billion RMB, including 116 billion RMB of emergy and 92.4 billion RMB of eco-exergy in 2010, nearly 30 times of ESV and 8.5 times of the GDP of Xiamen marine industry in 2010. The EIV in unit area of Xiarnen Bay is more than 10 times higher than the average global ESV in estuaries. It implied a potential undervaluation to ecosystem value by ESV calculation, which may mislead decisions-making processes.

A Note on the Controllability of Distribution Parameter Control System

This paper gives the relation between the precise controllabilities of two distrib-ution parameter systems.

Dynamic Performance of a Semi-Submersible Platform Subject to Wind and Waves

By applying experimental and numerical simulations, the motion performance of a semi-submersible platform with mooring positoning system under combined actions of wind and waves is studied. The numerical simulation is conducted by the method of nonlinear time domain coupled analysis, and the mooring forces are calculated by the piecewise extrapolating method. The scale in the model experiment is 1:100, and the mooring system of the model is designed with the method of equivalent water-depth truncation by comparing the numerical and the experimental results, the platform motion and mooring forces subject to wind and waves are investigated. The results indicate that the numerically simulated mooring forces agree well with the experimental results in static equivalent field, but show some difference in dynamic equivalent field; the numerically simulated platform motions coincide well with the experimental results. The maximum motion of the platform under operating conditions is 20.5 m. It means that the horizontal displacement is 2% less than the water depth, which satisfies the operating requirements.

Quantitative Evaluation on Wetland Ecosystem Service Function in Chao Lake

[Objective] The aim was to better reveal the type of ecosystem service function of wetlands in Chao Lake and provide references for protection and man- agement, restoration and rebuilding of local wetland ecosystem. [Method] The val- ues of ecosystem function was estimated by market value method, opportunity cost approach, replacement cost method, shadow engineering approach, travel cost method, hedonic pricing method and contingent value method. [Result] With wetland ecosystem service function value totals 4.968 billion yuan, the value of eco-environ- ment regulation and maintenance was the highest, followed by the value of cultural and social function. The value of material production was the least. The values of sub-functions can be concluded by comparison of service function va}ue and pro- portions, as follows： flood mitigation 〉water purification 〉water conservation 〉 tourism＆leisure〉material production〉scientific research and education〉water supply〉 biodiversity maintenance〉regulation on atmosphere constituents. [Conclusion] The re- search performed quantitative evaluations on ecosystem service function values of wetlands in Chao Lake and is of significance for specific development and protec- tion of local wetlands.

Analysis of Properties of Thrust Bearing in Ship Propulsion System

Thrust bearing is a key component of the propulsion system of a ship. It transfers the propulsive forces from the propeller to the ship＇s hull, allowing the propeller to push the ship ahead. The performance of a thrust bearing pad is critical. When the thrust bearing becomes damaged, it can cause the ship to lose power and can also affect its operational safety. For this paper, the distribution of the pressure field of a thrust pad was calculated with numerical method, applying Reynolds equation. Thrust bearing properties for loads were analyzed, given variations in outlet thickness of the pad and variations between the load and the slope of the pad. It was noticed that the distribution of pressure was uneven. As a result, increases of both the outlet thickness and the slope coefficient of the pad were able to improve load beating capability.

Valuation of Lake and Marsh Wetlands Ecosystem Services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.

A Redemptive Analysis of Suffering

The notion of suffering carries with it aspects which are private and individual on the one hand, and social and lingual on the other. I would pay attention to the latter part of the suffering notion, where the notion of suffering is recognized to be primitive by almost all the theories of human values. This primitive character allows a commensurable basis on the basis of which most plural theories share something in common to talk objectively to each other. In this paper, I would like to offer three arguments in order to advance a thesis that one＇s suffering is redemptive of others. First, the conservation law of mass says that matter of a closed system can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be differently rearranged. This may be applied to the experience of suffering, to allow the conservation law of suffering： My unjust self-interest costs pains in others to the level of the same amount but if I voluntarily suffer a sacrifice, others will have their pains lightened to the analogous level. Second, notion of yin-yang helps to support the redemptive thesis of suffering. The notion says that all things in the reality consist of two complementary opposite Capacities that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system. Then, my acceptance of suffering and the decrease of other＇s pain are two complementary capacities of one reality. Third, any person is responsible for his own act, so is a society as a whole. Then, as an individual restores his damaged person, when he commits a crime, by being suffered or punished, a society restores itself to its own proper state, when any member of the society is wronged, by suffering communally in one way or other.

Power Consumption Prediction for an Intelligent Air-Cushion Track Vehicle： Fuzzy Expert System

This paper describes the unique structure of an intelligent air-cushion system of a hybrid electrical air-cushion track vehicle working on swamp terrain. Fuzzy expert system （FES） is used in this study to control the swamp tracked vehicle＇s intelligent air cushion system while it operates in the swamp peat. The system will be effective to control the intelligent air-cushion system with total power consumption （PC）, cushion clearance height （CCH） and cushion pressure （CP）. Ultrasonic displacement sensor, pull-in solenoid electromagnetic switch, pressure sensor, micro controller and battery pH sensor will be incorporated with the FES to investigate experimentally the PC, CCH and CP. In this study, we provide illustration how FES might play an important role in the prediction of power consumption of the vehicle＇s intelligent air-cushion system. The mean relative error of actual and predicted values from the FES model on total power consumption is found as 10.63 %, which is found to be alomst equal to the acceptable limits of 10%. The goodness of fit of the prediction values from the FES model on PC is found as 0.97.

Evaluation on Cultivated Land Resource Ecological Service Value in Wuhan Metropolitan Area

The land ecosystem service function value contains the gas regulating function value, air purification function value, water conservation value, land conser-vation value, soil nutrient conservation value and maintain biodiversity value. Based on the method of market value and the data of Hubei Statistical yearbook, cultivat-ed land resources of ecosystem service function value is 730 038.69Mil ion in 2007-2009, and 714 774.99 Mil ion in 2010-2012 in Wuhan Metropolitan Area. After three years of development, Wuhan Metropolitan Area of ecological value of cultivated land has increased by about 3.97%. From the point of each composition, the im-portance of gas regulating function of cultivated land resources and water conserva-tion function is the forefront. From the point of spatial distribution, the highest of annual average value of the cultivated land ecological was Huanggang （1.725 bil ion yuan）, the lowest was Ezhou （217.868 6 mil ion yuan） in 2010-2012. From the point of space changes, the land ecological value increased only in Qianjiang city, while farmland ecological value in other cities was fal ing The conclusion is of direc-tive significance to the regional land protection policy and the farmland reasonable distribution, for Wuhan Metropolitan Area and other areas.

A Method of Peak Detecting for Nanosecond Pulse in Optical Performance Monitoring System

In optical performance monitoring system,the analog to digital converter is needed to detect the peak of nanosecond pulse and get the signal envelope.A scheme based on a designed anti-aliasing filter and analog to digital converter is proposed to broaden the nanosecond pulse and make it easier for the analog to digital converter to catch the peak of the nanosecond pulse.The experimental results demonstrate that,with the proposed scheme,the optical performance system needs less time to get the recovered eye-diagram of high speed optical data signal,and is robust to phase mismatch in the analog to digital converter circuit.

Relaxation Property and Stability Analysis of the Quasispecies Models

The relaxation property of both Eigen model and Crow-Kimura model with a single peak fitness landscape is studied from phase transition point of view. We first analyze the eigenvalue spectra of the replication mutation matrices. For sufficiently long sequences, the almost crossing point between the largest and seeond-largest eigenvalues locates the error threshold at which critical slowing down behavior appears. We calculate the critical exponent in the limit of infinite sequence lengths and compare it with the result from numerical curve fittings at sufficiently long sequences. We find that for both models the relaxation time diverges with exponent 1 at the error （mutation） threshold point. Results obtained from both methods agree quite well. From the unlimited correlation length feature, the first order phase transition is further confirmed. Finally with linear stability theory, we show that the two model systems are stable for all ranges of mutation rate. The Igigen model is asymptotically stable in terms of mutant classes, and the Crow-Kimura model is completely stable.

Dimension of Solar Panels Surface Based to the Net Present Value for the Albanian Conditions

Active exploitation of solar energy is achieved in systems that absorb this energy through flat collectors. Hot water can be used for space heating, when its temperature is high, but it is used largely for DHW （domestic hot water） needs. Now days, this technology has resulted as the most viable for exploitation of solar energy, and various countries such as Israel, Turkey, and Greece provide hot water for residential and service sectors using systems of solar panels. In this proceeding we are writing about the dimension of the solar panels surface based to the net present value in Hotels of Albania.

The Effect of Different Levels of Sunflower Head Pith Powder on Some Emulsion Attributes of Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat

In this study, the effect of sunflower head pith powder at various concentrations （0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%） on the emulsion properties of mechanically deboned chicken meat （MDCM） was investigated in a model system. For this purpose, fresh and frozen MDCM samples were used for preparing the oil/water （O/W） model emulsion systems, pH values of slurries and emulsions, emulsion capacity （EC）, stability （ES） and viscosity （EV） of the prepared model system emulsions were analyzed. Protein, fat, ash, dry matter contents and pH value of MDCM were 14.85, 14.93, 0.99, 30.45% and 6.7, respectively. It was found that the pith powder addition significantly （P 〈 0.01） decreased the pH values of slurries. On the other hand, the effect of pith powder addition on pH values of emulsions was insignificant （P 〉 0.01）. The highest EC value was reached when 1% of pith powder added. ES values of the emulsions reached a maximum level at 1.5% pith powder level. Fresh MDCM emulsions had higher EV values than did frozen MDCM emulsions at 10, 20, 50 rpm.

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing:Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Miyun County,located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing,was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years.This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005,and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation.With two-periods TM images,we got land use change data,and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi.Results showed that water area,farm land and unused land decreased while residential land,forest land,grassland and orchard land increased during the study period.The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area.As for spatial variation,there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region.The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable.The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development.More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.