岫岩玉雕素活工艺的保护与传承

岫岩玉雕是岫岩玉与雕刻技艺的完美结合,尤以素活工艺精湛而闻名中外,距今已有一千多年的历史。它所承载的内涵包括原材料选择、传统雕刻工具使用、表现手法和工艺流程运用、创作题材构思、雕刻技艺传承等;它还形成了"因材施艺、因色取巧"的独特传统美术,堪称中国玉雕之精典,在中国玉雕史上占有重要地位。2006年,岫岩玉雕素活工艺被列入国家级第一批非物质文化遗产代表作保护名录。由此,素活玉雕文化成为岫岩县地域文化的一大特色品牌,也是对外宣传的一张‘文化金名片’,它不仅为岫岩玉雕产业发展提供了强大的文化支撑,也为全县经济社会发展提供了不竭动力。素活玉雕传统雕刻技艺的传承必须以传统文化为基础,结合实际情况,制定合理的措施,才能得到更好的发展。

玉雕素活工艺设计的发展及创新思考

玉雕是中国文化的瑰宝,而素活则是瑰宝中的珍品。现分析玉雕素活的特点,对素活的选材、造型、装饰进行介绍,接着结合现代审美,从民族文化、玉材、创作主题等角度探索玉雕素活的创新性。

以素为美——浅谈玉雕“素活”的文化内涵

中华玉文化源远流长,异彩纷呈,艺术手法多种多样,各有千秋。其中,有一种玉雕形式,行话称之为“素活”——纯色的玉雕。素活具有悠久的历史以及丰富的文化底蕴,是中华民族“以素为美”的审美观在玉雕方面的典型代表。探讨素玉文化的形式与内涵,分析形成这一文化现象的原因,以及素玉文化在当今时代遇到的新问题,并结合多年工作经验,提出解决问题的思路。

漫谈岫岩玉中的素活工艺

岫岩玉中的素活工艺是岫岩玉雕的重要组成部分，素活工艺对原料和工艺水平要求都很高，由于受到市场导向的影响，岫岩玉素活工艺有式微之感，通过对素活工艺的调查、教育传承以及发挥协会作用，会有利于素活工艺的复兴。

Astronomic background of global huge earthquakes at beginning of 21st century

Since the beginning of the 21st century,major earthquakes have frequently occurred worldwide.To explore the impact of astronomical factors on earthquakes,in this study,the statistical analysis method of correlation is used to systematically analyze the effects of astronomical factors,such as solar activity,Earth’s rotation,lunar declination angle,celestial tidal force,and other phenomena on M≥8 global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.With regard to solar activity,this study focuses on the analysis of the 11-year and century cycles of solar activity.The causal relationship of the Earth’s rotation is not obvious in this work and previous works;in contrast,the valley period of the solar activity century cycle may be an important astronomical factor leading to the frequent occurrence of global earthquakes at the beginning of the 21st century.This topic warrants further study.

Study on Kinetic Characteristics of Alliinase

[Objective] The kinetic characteristics of alliinase was studied to select the optimum reaction performance. [Method] Alliinase activity was measured to analysis the influence of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and metal iron. [Result] Alliinase was an enzyme with thermal instability. Its optimum reaction temperature was 29℃ and pH value was 6.1. The Vmax was 0. 439 IU/mg and Km was 0.483 mmol/L by using natural extract as substrate. Alliinase activity was activated when the K^＋ , Mg^2＋ , Na^＋ and Cd^2＋ existed and alliinase activity was inhibited when Cu^2＋ existed. [Condusion] Results showed that the kinetic characteristics of alliinase supply the academic foundation for development and application of garlic medical products.

Preliminary Study on the Extraction of Crude Toxin of Rhizoctonia solani and Its Activity

[ Objective] This study was to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of rice sheath blight pathogen （ Rhizoctonia solani） and the bioactive components of toxin. [ Method ] Rice sheath blight pathogen was cultured in the improved Richared medium; the culture filtrate was centrifuged and sterilized, then treated by activated carbon adsorption chromatography, distilled with methanol or water, and all were next concentrated, yielding the crude extracts of culture solution, crude extracts of methanol and crude extracts of water; the activities of these three extracts were determined, [ Result] The three extracts were russet pastes; activity determination showed that they had remarkable inhibitory effects on the growth of rice radicle and plantule, as well as the growth of four-foliage-young seedlings. They could also generate toxic effects on abscisic foliages and spots similar to the symptoms of sheath blight pathogen. [ Conclusion] Bioactive components of rice sheath blight pathogen toxin may be composed of various ingredients.

Cloning and Sequencing of a Lectin Protein Gene from the Roots of Sophora flavescens

A lectin protein(SFL) with molecular weight about 32 kD which markedly agglutinated rabbit and human red blood cells was purified from the roots of Sophora flavescens Ait. This protein, and apparently inhibited the growth of Fusarium vasinfectum Atk., Gibberella saubinetii (Mont.) Sacc., and Piricularia oryzae Cav. A set of degenerate PCR primer was synthesized according to the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein. The full-length cDNA coding the lectin was cloned by RT-PCR and 5'-RACE and sequenced (GenBank AF285121). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that a preprotein with 284 amino acid residues is firstly translated and then processed to a mature protein with 254 amino acids. A N-Glycosylation site is the Asn 182 residue.

Herpetin, a New Bioactive Lignan Isolated from Herpetospermum caudigerum

Aim To study the chemical constituents of seeds of Herpetospermum caudigerum. Methods Column chromatography was used in the isolation procedure, and the structure was elucidated by spectral data, whose pharmacologic activity was assayed in vitro. Results A new compound named herpetin was isolated, whose structure was determined to be 3-benzofuran methanol-2, 3-dihydm-2-（4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ）-4-methoxy-6-[ tetrahydm-2-（ 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl ）-3-methanol ]-2- furanmethyl, showed significant inhibitory effects on HBV-DNA and the replication and expression of HBsAg and HBeAg. Conclusion Herpetin offers wide research and development prospect.

Influences of 5-ALA Application on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Growth before Winter

[Objective] The aim of this paper is to investigate the influences of exogenous 5-aminolevulinic acid （5-aLA） application on the growth and mechanism of winter oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） before winter. [Method] For this purpose a split-plot experimental design with four treatments of seed soaking with 0,25,50 and 75 mg/L ALA solution （CK,A1,A2 and A3） was carried out from October 2009 to January 2010 in order to observe the influences upon the growth and relevant physiological indexes of Zhongshuang 9. [Result] Seed soaking with ALA solution significantly promotes the growth of double-9 before winter,which is probably due to the fact that ALA application enhances its photosynthesis,absorption of nutrients,and its anti-oxidation abilities. The research also finds that ALA treatment notably increases its photosynthetic pigment contents,root activities,leaf nitrate reductase activities,soluble sugar contents,antioxidase activities,and significantly decreases malondialdehyde（MDA） content. [Conclusion] These results indicate that seed soaking with 50 mg/L ALA solution might have a potential application in increasing the productivity of winter oilseed rape in agricultural management.

Factors Influencing the Effects of Theabrownin in Pu-erh Tea on Scavenging DPPH Radicals

[Objective] This study aimed to explore factors influencing the effects of theabrownin in Pu-erh tea on scavenging DPPH radicals. [Method] Taking Pu-erh tea as main research object, theabrownin in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with different times of mixture, stored for different years and processed by both the old and new techniques were extracted and isolated. And DPPH method was used to study the effects of theabrownin solution and tea liquor on scavenging radicals and their antioxidant activity. [Result] The result showed that the theabrownin content in Pu-erh tea from tea piles with one to four times of mixture revealed a first declining and subsequently rising trend. Under different pH conditions, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of 1 mg/ml theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture decreased gradually with the increase of pH, and all the rates were lower than that of the control vitamin C solution; the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques dropped slowly within pH range 3.0-6.0; when pH was higher than 6.0, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin from tea samples produced by both new and traditional techniques in 2001 declined obviously, while the declining trend was not obvious in either the black tea or the Pu-erh tea produced by new technique in 2005. Under different theabrownin concentrations, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin solution made from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended as the concentration increased and the highest rate occurred in tea pile with four times of mixture, reaching up to 46.56%±0.88%; for tea samples stored for different years and produced by different techniques, the rates of DPPH radical scavenging of theabrownin rose gradually with the increase of the theabrownin concentration; the rate of radical scavenging of theabrownin in the black tea ascended obviously and that in Pu-erh tea was decreasing within the concentration range of 0.04 -0.06 mg/ml. At pH6.0, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin solution and tea liquor containing 0.1mg/ml theabrownin from tea piles with different times of mixture ascended with the time of mixture; solution made from tea samples produced by different techniques in different years, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin solution and tea liquor followed： Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2001 ﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the old technique in 2001﹥ Pu-erh tea produced by the new technique in 2005. And the DPPH radical scavenging ability of theabrownin in tea liquor containing 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin was higher than that in 0.1 mg/ml theabrownin Solution made from tea samples either with different times of mixture or produced by different techniques in different years. The above results indicated that many factor influenced the effects of theabrownin on eliminating DPPH radicals, including the time of fermentation, fermentation technique, years of storage, concentration and pH all had great influence on the effects of theabrownin on eliminating radicals. To ensure a good effect on scavenging radicals, it is better to prepare theabrownin at pH6.0 with concentration between 0.08 and 0.1 mg/ml for drinking. [Conclusion] Results of this study provide a basis for developing functional products of theabrownin from Pu-erh tea in the future.

Purification and Characterization of Flammulin,a Basic Protein with Anti-tumor Activities from Flammulina velutipes

Aim To purify and characterize flammulin, a basic protein with anti-tumoractivities. Methods Ammonium sulfate, ethanol fractionation and column chromatography were used forseparation and purification. Electrophoretic analysis, amino acid analysis, and MS of flammulin werecarried out. Results Flammulin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and crystallized. With amolecular mass of 19891.13 Da, pI 8.9, λ_(max) = 276 - 278 nm, λ_(min) = 250 nm, flammulin wascharacterized by its lack of methionine. Fingerprint mapping of flammulin was determined by MALDI-MSfollowing in-gel protease digestion; no close matches were identified. Conclusion Flammulin waspurified to electrophoretic homogeneity, and its characteristics are discussed for the first time.

Purification and Characterization of Cytotoxins from Agkistrodon acutus Venom and Their Anticancer Activity

Aim To investigate the anticancer activity of two new cytotoxins from thevenom of Agkistrodon acutus. Methods The venom was isolated by FPLC column chromatography consistingof DEAE Sepharose FF and Source 30S. The cytotoxic activity on tumor cells was detected by MITmethod. Purity and molecular weight were determined by SDS-PAGE (silver staining). Their stabilitiesto temperature and pH were also detected. Results Two pure cytotoxins named ACTX-6 and ACTX-8 wereobtained. Their molecular weights are 98 kDa and 27 kDa, respectively. ACTX-6 consists of twosubunits bonded together by disulfide bonds. Conclusion ACTX-6 and ATCX-8 have highest inhibitoryactivity on lung cancer cell A549. ACTX-6 is stable to heat while ACTX-8 not. ACTX-6 is stablebetween pH 7-9 and ACTX-8 between pH 6 - 9.

Molecular Cloning, Sequence Analysis and Prokaryotic Expression of Ovine Activin Receptor Type IIB(ActRIIB) Gene

Objective] This study aimed to clone ovine activin receptor type llB （Ac-tRIIB） gene, construct the prokaryotic expression vector and express the target gene in vitro, thus providing basis for further function verification. [Method] The template cDNA which was reversely transcribed from total RNA of sheep liver tissue, was subjected to polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using specific primers of ActRIIB. The ful-length cDNA of ovine ActRIIB was obtained by pMD18-T cloning and sequencing for bioinformatics analysis. Ovine ActRIIB encoding sequence was subcloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET41a with restriction sites BamHl/Notl, and then transformed into BL21 （DE3）. The induced products by lPTG were analyzed with SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. [Result] The amplified ful-length cDNA of ovine Ac-tRllB gene was 1 564 bp in length （Genbank accession number： JX422071.1） with an open reading frame of 1 539 bp, encoding 512 amino acides. Ovine ActRllB shared the highest homology （99.6%） with bovine ActRllB. ActRllB had highly ho-mologous C-terminal domains and belonged to the TGFβ family. After prokaryotic expression, an approximately 92 kD His-tagged ActRllB recombinant protein was obtained, which was consistent with the excepted result. [Conclusion] Cloning and successful expression of ovine ActRIIB laid solid foundation for further investigation of its biological function.

Preparation and oxidation behaviour of electrodeposited Ni-CeO_2 nanocomposite coatings

Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with different CeO2 contents were prepared by codeposition of Ni and CeO2 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 7 nm onto pure Ni surfaces from a nickel sulfate. The CeO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni grains （with a size range of 10-30 nm）. The isothermal oxidation behaviours of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings with two different CeO2 particles contents and the electrodeposited pure Ni coating were comparatively investigated in order to elucidate the effect of CeO2 at different temperatures and also CeO2 contents on the oxidation behaviour of Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings. The results show that the as-codeposited Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings have a superior oxidation resistance compared with the electrodeposited pure Ni coating at 800 °C due to the codeposited CeO2 nanoparticles blocking the outward diffusion of nickel along the grain boundaries. However, the effects of CeO2 particles on the oxidation resistance significantly decrease at 1050 °C and 1150 °C due to the outward-volume diffusion of nickel controlling the oxidation growth mechanism, and the content of CeO2 has little influence on the oxidation.

Cyclic oxidation of Y_2O_3-modified ultrafine-grained Ni_3Al alloy coating at 900°C

Ni3Al coatings with and without Y2O3 particles were developed by annealing the electrodeposited Ni-Al composite coatings with and without Y2O3 particles at 800 °C for 3 h. The microstructures and cyclic oxidation performances of the produced Ni3Al coatings were comparatively investigated, with the emphasis on the effect of Y2O3. SEM/EDAX and TEM characterizations showed that the dispersion of Y2O3 refines the grains. Oxidation at 900 °C for 100 h showed that the addition of Y2O3 significantly improved the cyclic oxidation resistance of Ni3Al coating. The effect of Y2O3 on the microstructure and the oxidation of the Ni3Al coating were discussed in detail.

Effect of different fillers on oxidation behavior of low-temperature chromizing coating

Three different chromizing coatings were produced on Ni substrate using a conventional pack-cementation method with Al2O3,Al2O3＋CeO2 and CeO2 acting as filler,respectively,at a greatly decreased temperature（700 ℃）.Effects of different fillers on the isothermal and cyclic oxidation resistance of chromizing coating in air at 850 ℃ were comparably investigated.Microstructure results show that the addition of CeO2 into the filler significantly retards the grain growth of the chromizing coating.Oxidation results indicate that the chromizing coating using CeO2 as filler exhibits somewhat increased oxidation resistance than the normal chromizmg coating,while the chromizing coating using Al2O3＋CeO2 as filler exhibits much better oxidation resistance.The effects of different fillers on the oxidation behaviors were discussed in detail.

Effects of Different Exogenous Hormones on Rooting of Syringa microphylla Cuttings and Change in Related Enzyme Activity During the Rooting Process

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exoge- nous hormones on the rooting of Syringa microphylla cuttings and the change in related enzymes activity during the rooting process. [Method] Three different exoge- nous hormones IBA, NAA and ABT, each with concentrations of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 mg/L were used to treat S. microphylla cuttings, and changes in the ac- tivities of peroxidase （POD）, poiyphenol oxidase （PPO） and indoleacetic acid oxidase （IAAO） during the rooting process were also investigated. [Result] The most appro- priate concentrations of IBA, ABT and NAA were 1 500, 1 000 and 1 000 mg/L, respectively, and the 1 500 mg/L IBA treatment exhibited the best effect on rooting. Throughout the rooting process, POD and PPO activities showed the same trends in the treatment groups as those in the control group, but the POD and PPO activi- ties in the treatment groups were increased significantly, with greater amplitude of variation; at the early stage, IAAO activity exhibited an opposite trend between the control group and the treatment groups, which increased slowly in the former, but decreased rapidly in the latter, and it was significantly lower in the treatment groups compared to the control; additionally, higher POD and IAAO activities were con- ducive to the induction of adventitious roots, and lower POD and IAAO activities fa- vored their formation and elongation. [Conclusion] This study has preliminarily clari- fied the rooting mechanism of S. microphylla cuttings.

Preparation and oxidation behavior of a novel CeO_2-modified chromizing coating

By using CeO2 particles instead of part of Al2O3 particles as filler, the CeO2 was successfully entrapped into the outer layer of the chromizing coatings on the as-deposited nanocrystalline （NC） and microcrystalline （MC） Ni films using a conventional pack-cementation method at 800 °C. For comparison, chromizing was also performed under the same condition on MC Ni film using Al2O3 as filler without CeO2 particles. SEM/EDX and TEM results indicate that the refinement of Ni grain and CeO2 entrapped into the chromizing coatings refine the grain of the chromizing coating. Oxidation at 900 °C indicates that compared with the CeO2-free chromizing coating, the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating exhibits an increased oxidation resistance. For the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating, the refinement of Ni grain size significantly decreases the transient-oxidation scaling rate of the chromizing coatings. Together with this, the CeO2-dispersed chromizing coating formed on NC Ni exhibits a better oxidation resistance.

Improvement of Cellulase Producing Capacity of Aspergillus niger by Ultraviolet Mutation

[Objective] The research aimed to breed the high-yield production strain of cellulase.[Method] Aspergillus niger was used as the starting strain,and a high-yield production strain of cellulase was selected after UV mutation treatment.[Result] Under the suitable condition,the strain 2（15） with the highest CMC production capacity was selected,which nearly increased 50% than that of the starting strain.[Conclusion] The research provided the foundation for its appliation in the feed production in the future.