一种基于紫外极光图像的亚暴膨胀期起始时刻的自动检测方法

准确界定亚暴起始时刻是理解亚暴相关问题的关键.已有研究主要集中在两方面:一是从极光图像中人工挑选亚暴事件进行案例分析或统计分析来研究亚暴发生机制及亚暴期间的地磁环境;二是基于一些空间物理参数,如AE指数、SME(SuperMAG electrojet)指数、Pi2、正弯扰等,采用人眼判断或是模式识别的方法从中找出亚暴起始时刻.本文尝试采用模式识别的方法从紫外极光图像中自动地检测出亚暴膨胀期起始时刻.首先,将紫外极光图像通过网格化处理转换到磁地方时-地磁纬度(MLT-MLAT)直角坐标下,然后通过模糊c均值聚类方法提取亮斑,再考察亮斑强度是否增强、面积是否极向膨胀来判断是不是亚暴事件.本文方法在1996年12月—1997年2月这三个月的Polar卫星紫外极光图像上进行了实验验证.我们将检测到的亚暴起始时刻与Liou(J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115:A12219)的人工标记进行了对比,并详细分析了与标记不一致的多检和漏检事件.本文提出的自动检测方法可以快速地从海量紫外极光图像中完成亚暴事件的初步筛选,方便研究人员进一步深入研究极光亚暴.

基于行星际/太阳风和地磁条件的紫外极光卵边界建模和预测

极光卵的尺度大小与太阳风-磁层-电离层能量耦合过程紧密相关,准确预测其大小对空间天气研究和预报具有非常重要的意义.本文基于模糊c均值聚类算法,从Polar卫星紫外极光图像中自动提取极光卵边界数据（～1215000个赤道向边界点和-3805000极向边界点）,统计分析其与太阳风等离子体、行星际磁场、地磁指数等之间的相关特性,并构建了以行星际、太阳风为模型参数（模型1）和以行星际、太阳风及地磁指数为模型参数（模型2）的2种极光卵边界多元回归模型.以模型预测的极光卵边界与实际极光卵边界之间的平均绝对误差作为模型评价标准,将本文预测模型与Carbary（2005）模型和Milan（2009）模型进行了对比.结果表明,模型2对极光卵极向、赤道向边界预测的平均绝对误差为1.55和1.66地磁纬度,优于Carbary和Milan模型（Carbary模型极向、赤道向边界的平均绝对误差为2.18和5.47地磁纬度,Milan模型极向、赤道向边界的平均绝对误差为1.71地磁纬度和1.90地磁纬度）.

基于广义回归神经网络的行星际/太阳风参数和地磁指数的紫外极光强度建模

极光卵极光强度的空间分布是太阳风-磁层-电离层能量耦合过程的重要表现,并且随着空间环境参数和地磁指数的变化而变化,是空间天气的重要指示器.建立合适的极光强度模型对亚暴的预测以及磁层动力学的研究具有重要意义.本文基于Polar卫星的紫外极光成像仪(Ultraviolet Imager,UVI)数据,采用两种不同的极光强度表征方法,即曲线拟合方法(从UVI图像数据中提取极光强度沿磁余纬方向上的曲线特征,Curve Feature along the Magnetic Co-latitude Direction of the Auroral Intensity,CFMCD_AI)和网格化方法(从UVI图像数据中提取极光强度的网格化特征,Gridding Feature of the Auroral Intensity,GF_AI),来构造极区极光强度特征数据库.然后,利用该数据库,采用广义回归神经网络(Generalized Regression Neural Network,GRNN)构建了以行星际/太阳风参数(行星际磁场三分量、太阳风速度和密度)和地磁指数(AE指数)为输入参数的两种极光强度预测模型(GRNN_CFMCD_AI模型和GRNN_GF_AI模型).利用图像质量评价指数结构相似度(structure similarity,SSIM)作为极光强度模型预测结果和对应的UVI图像的相似性评价标准(完全相似为1,不相似为0,一般认为SSIM大于0.5是具有较好的相似性),对两种极光强度模型进行了性能评价.结果显示,GRNN_GF_AI模型预测结果对应的SSIM值范围为0.36~0.77,均值为0.54,性能优于GRNN_CFMCD_AI模型的.

基于包应用标准的紫外极光成像仪通信控制系统的设计与实现

在中国传统航天器中,通信系统格式通常各不相同。随着载荷越来越复杂,通信系统的格式往往需要重建,而且由于缺乏灵活性,会产生许多限制。对于SMILE卫星中的紫外极光成像仪(UVI)工程任务,为与国际对接,提高数据处理的效率,设计实现了基于遥控遥测包应用标准(PUS)的通信与控制系统,根据通信与控制系统的构成及工作原理,PUS业务的选择和实现,对通信功能进行设计,按照PUS标准完成遥测遥控功能,并基于PUS业务提出故障诊断和处理方法。通过对系统进行集成测试,结果表明电控箱通信与控制系统工作稳定,能够完成指令处理、科学数据接收存储、故障诊断以及多种数据包发送,满足任务需求。

基于U-net的紫外极光观测极光卵形态提取

极光卵形态提取是极光研究的重要手段.如何提高强干扰背景下的紫外极光图像极光卵形态提取精度,目前仍是一个难题.本文提出一种基于深度学习语义分割模型U-net的方法,实现了对极光卵形态的高精度提取.在Polar卫星紫外极光观测数据的实验结果表明,该方法相比于已有算法精度更高,对完整型极光卵和缺口型极光卵图像均能得到更加精确的提取结果,特别是针对强日辉干扰、灰度不均匀和对比度低情况下的紫外极光图像时,该方法显示了明显优势.

基于紫外极光图像的极光电集流指数模型

极光电集流指数AE是描述地磁亚暴强弱的重要指标,且与极区磁层扰动及极光粒子沉降过程密切相关。因此,建立更加准确的极光电集流指数模型对空间天气的研究具有重要意义。利用1997年POLAR卫星紫外极光图像数据探究了紫外极光图像中极光强度I_(AP)的空间分布与AE指数在不同季节的相关性,并在此基础上提出了基于紫外极光图像的AE指数模型。以网格化方法提取极光强度空间分布特征,采用广义回归神经网络,通过相关系数法和方差选择法构建Cor-GRNN和Var-GRNN两种AE指数模型,并针对冬至月份、夏至月份、分点月份3个季节分别进行训练。研究结果表明,AE指数与I_(AP)具有相似的半年变化趋势,其相关性在不同季节差异较大。相比于太阳风驱动下的AE指数神经网络预测模型,基于极光图像的AE指数模型在E_(RMS)和R^(2)标准上均优于其他模型,其中归一化E_(RMS)小于0.1,模型对于AE指数变化的可解释度提升了10%左右。

基于深度表征学习的紫外极光卵图像聚类

极光受太阳风驱动的地磁亚暴等大尺度动力学影响,其形态及演化因不同的太阳风-磁层-电离层耦合作用可能表现不同。目前,极光卵及其形态的归类大多依据极光演化理论作主观定性分析,没有明确的分类标准,故难以借助统计分析方法和有监督分类模型开展客观定量研究。建立了基于深度表征学习的紫外极光卵图像聚类模型(MoCo-GMM),并利用空间环境参数设计了评估模型物理合理性的方法,在大规模POLAR卫星紫外极光卵图像数据上进行了实验,聚类结果不仅具有良好的簇内凝聚性和簇间分散性,且具备一定的物理可解释性,有效实现了基于图像的极光卵及其形态的客观归类。

Study and Fabrication of a Au/n-ZnO/p-Si Structure UV-Enhanced Phototransistor

The fabrication and characterization of a Schottky-emitter heterojunction-collector UV-enhanced bipolar phototransistor （SHBT） are presented. The luminescence peak of the ZnO film is observed at 371nm in the PL spectrum. The sensitivity of the ultraviolet response from 200 to 400nm is enhanced noticeably, and the spectrum response at wavelengths longer than 400nm is also retained, The experiments show that the Au/n-ZnO/p-Si SHBT UV enhanced phototransistor enhances the sensitivity of the ultraviolet response noticeably. The UV response sensitivity at 370nm of the phototransistor is 5-10 times that of a ZnO/Si heterojunction UV enhanced photodiode.

High-Responsivity ZnS Schottky Barrier Photodiode Array for Ultraviolet Imaging

A different approach,using the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown ZnS-based Schottky photodiode technology,is applied to fabricate an 8×8 photodiode array.The micro-processing procedures of this photodiode array including standard photolithography,a number of metallisation,wet-chemical etching and SiO_2 deposition for insulation are developed.The detector is characterized to have a cutoff wavelength at 340 nm and the photo-responsivity measurements on the pixels result an ultraviolet (UV) response as high as 0.15 A/W,corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 55% in the visible-blind spectral ranging from 400 down to 250nm.Imaging tests indicate that this array is able to capture the intensity profile of a given UV light source with reasonably good capability.

Review of Ultraviolet Non-Line-of-Sight Communication

With rapid advances of solar blind ultraviolet LED and ultraviolet detecting technology in recent years, ultraviolet communication gradually becomes a research hotspot due to its inherent advantages: low solar background noise, non-line-of-sight(NLOS) and good secrecy. The strong scattering characteristics in atmospheric render ultraviolet waveband the ideal choice for achieving NLOS optical communication. This paper reviews the research history and status of ultraviolet communication both in China and abroad, and especially introduces three main issues of ultraviolet communication: channel model, system analysis and design, light sources and detectors. For each aspect, current open issues and prospective research directions are analyzed.

Infrared Spectroscopy of Neutral Clusters Based on a Vacuum Ultraviolet Free Electron Laseri

Spectroscopic characterization of clusters is crucial to understanding the structures and reaction mechanisms at the microscopic level,but it has been proven to be a grand challenge for neutral clusters because the absence of a charge makes it di伍cult for the size selection and detection.Infrared(IR)spectroscopy based on threshold photoionization using a tunable vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser(VUV-FEL)has recently been developed in the lab.The IR-VUV depletion and IR+VUV enhancement spectroscopic techniques open new avenues for size-selected IR spectroscopies of a large variety of neutral clusters without confinement(i.e.,an ultraviolet chromophore,a messenger tag,or a host matrix).The spectroscopic principles have been demonstrated by investigations of some neutral water clusters and some metal carbonyls.Here,the spectroscopic principles and their applications for neutral clusters are reviewed.

Vacuum Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Alpha-pinene Ozonolysis

α-pinene is the most abundant monoterpene that represents an important family of volatile organic compounds.Molecular identification of key transient compounds during theα-pinene ozonolysis has been proven to be a challenging experimental target because of a large number of intermediates and products involved.Here we exploit the recently developed hybrid instruments that integrate aerosol mass spectrometry with a vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser to study theα-pinene ozonolysis.The experiments ofα-pinene ozonolysis are performed in an indoor smog chamber,with reactor having a volume of 2 m^(3) which is made of fluorinated ethylene propylene film.Distinct mass spectral peaks provide direct experimental signatures of previously unseen compounds produced from the reaction ofα-pinene with O_(3).With the aid of quantum chemical calculations,plausible mechanisms for the formation of these new compounds are proposed.These findings provide crucial information on fundamental understanding of the initial steps ofα-pinene oxidation and the subsequent processes of new particle formation.

Electrochemical Tuning by Polarized UV Light Induced Molecular Orientation of Chiral Salen-type Mn（II） and Co（II） Complexes in an Albumin Matrix

The authors have prepared supramolecular systems as artificial metalloproteins composed of several chiral salen-type Mn（II） and Co（II） complexes in a HSA （human serum albumin） matrix. The docking was discussed by UV-vis spectral changes and a ligand-protein docking simulation program. After linearly polarized UV light irradiation, that anisotropy of molecular orientation of the complexes increased was confirmed by polarized IR spectra. The authors have observed that the electrochemical behavior of the aligned complexes incorporating diphenyl groups in HSA can be tuned without UV radiation damage of HSA higher structures.

High efficiency and enhanced ESD properties of UV LEDs by inserting p-GaN/p-AlGaN superlattice

Significantly improved electrostatic discharge （ESD） properties of InGaN/GaN-based UV light-emitting diode （LED） with in- serting p-GaN/p-A1GaN superlattice （p-SLs） layers （instead of p-A1GaN single layer） between multiple quantum wells and Mg-doped GaN layer are reported. The pass yield of the LEDs increased from 73.53% to 93.81% under negative 2000 V ESD pulses. In addition, the light output power （LOP） and efficiency droop at high injection current were also improved. The mechanism of the enhanced ESD properties was then investigated. After excluding the effect of capacitance modulation, high-resolution X-ray diffraction （XRD） and atomic force microscope （AFM） measurements demonstrated that the dominant mechanism of the enhanced ESD properties is the material quality improved by p-SLs, which indicated less leakage paths, ra- ther than the current spreading improved by p-SLs.

Red emitting tungsto-molybdate phosphor for near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes-based solid-state lighting

A series of novel red tungsto-molybdate phosphors, LiEul-xSmx（WO4）0.5（MoO4）1.5 （x = 0, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 2.00% 4.00%, 6.00%, 8.00% and 10.00%）, were synthesized using conventional solid state reaction methods. The experimental re- sults indicate that the introduction of Sm^3＋ changes neither the crystal structure nor the shape and position of the emission spectra. However, it extends the excitation region at 400 nm and enhances the emission at 615 nm. The reason for the im- provement of red emission of Eu^3＋ by the introduction of Sm^3＋ and the energy transfer mechanism from Sm^3＋ to Eu^3＋ was in- vestigated in detail.

Organic photodetectors based on transparent electrodes for application in ultraviolet light detection

A high performance heterojunction organic ultraviolet photodetector based on NPB and Bphen has been fabricated. A trans- parent conducting polymer PEDOT：PSS coated quartz substrate instead of ITO coated glass substrate as anode is propitious to detect shorter wavelength ultraviolet light. As a result, the device shows a low dark current density, a high responsivity of 502 mA/W and a detectivity of 2.67x1012 cm Hz1/Zfw which is illuminated by a 220 nm ultraviolet light with an intensity of 1.6 mW/cm2. Moreover, the performance of the PEDOT：PSS transparent electrode device is better than the semi-transparent A1 electrode device electrode because of the higher transmittance and electrode properties.

Design, Fabrication, and Measurement of Two Silicon-Based Ultraviolet and Blue-Extended Photodiodes

Two silicon-based ultraviolet （UV） and blue-extended photodiodes are presented, which were fabricated for light detection in the ultraviolet/blue spectral range. Stripe-shaped and octagon-ring-shaped structures were designed to verify parameters of the UV-responsivity, UV-selectivity, breakdown voltage, and response time. The ultra-shallow lateral pn junction had been successfully realized in a standard 0.5-μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor （CMOS） process to enlarge the pn junction area, enhance the absorption of UV light, and improve the responsivity and quantum efficiency. The test results illustrated that the stripe-shaped structure has the lower breakdown voltage, higher UV-responsicity, and higher UV-selectivity. But the octagon-ring-shaped structure has the lower dark current. The response time of both structures was almost the same.

Near vacuum-ultraviolet aperiodic oscillation emission of Al N films

An accurate measurement of the refractive index is necessary for the optical design of both deep ultraviolet laser diodes and light-emitting diodes. Generally, the refractive indices along different crystallographic axes of anisotropic thin films are measured using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry.However, there are still some limitations concerning this method. Here we proposed a potential method to measure the band edge refractive index of wide bandgap semiconductor. An aperiodic oscillation emission phenomenon due to the Fabry-Perot effect was observed in the fluorescence spectrum of an AlN film with a thickness of 1500 nm. Based on the characteristics of the fluorescence spectrum and the definition of Fabry-Perot effect, we obtained the ordinary refractive index of the AlN thin film near the band edge directly. This refractive index measurement method is a supplement to the variable angle ellipsometry,and it is a more direct and effective method for transferred film and thinner samples to measure the fluorescence spectrum.