Several data mining techniques such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM), artificial neural network, statistical techniques and expert systems are used to model network packets in the field of intrusion detection. In this pap...Several data mining techniques such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM), artificial neural network, statistical techniques and expert systems are used to model network packets in the field of intrusion detection. In this paper a novel intrusion detection mode based on understandable Neural Network Tree (NNTree) is pre-sented. NNTree is a modular neural network with the overall structure being a Decision Tree (DT), and each non-terminal node being an Expert Neural Network (ENN). One crucial advantage of using NNTrees is that they keep the non-symbolic model ENN’s capability of learning in changing environments. Another potential advantage of using NNTrees is that they are actually “gray boxes” as they can be interpreted easily if the num-ber of inputs for each ENN is limited. We showed through experiments that the trained NNTree achieved a simple ENN at each non-terminal node as well as a satisfying recognition rate of the network packets dataset. We also compared the performance with that of a three-layer backpropagation neural network. Experimental results indicated that the NNTree based intrusion detection model achieved better performance than the neural network based intrusion detection model.展开更多
Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata) is an ecological and economic species in East Asia.Conventional biometric monitoring method includes diving for samples and weighing above water,with highly variable...Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata) is an ecological and economic species in East Asia.Conventional biometric monitoring method includes diving for samples and weighing above water,with highly variable in weight measurement due to variation in the quantity of water in the respiratory tree and intestinal content of this species.Recently,video survey method has been applied widely in biometric detection on underwater benthos.However,because of the high flexibility of A.japonicus body,video survey method of monitoring is less used in sea cucumber.In this study,we designed a model to evaluate the wet weight of A.japonicus,using machine vision technology combined with a support vector machine(SVM) that can be used infield surveys on the A.japonicus population.Continuous dorsal images of free-moving A.japonicus individuals in seawater were captured,which also allows for the development of images of the core body edge as well as thorn segmentation.Parameters that include body length,body breadth,perimeter and area,were extracted from the core body edge images and used in SVM regression,to predict the weight of A.japonicus and for comparison with a power model.Results indicate that the use of SVM for predicting the weight of 33 A.japonicus individuals is accurate(R^2=0.99) and compatible with the power model(R^2=0.96).The image-based analysis and size-weight regression models in this study may be useful in body weight evaluation of A.japonicus in lab and field study.展开更多
To address the problems that input variables should be reduced as much as possible and explain output variables fully in building neural network model of complicated system, a variable selection method based on cluste...To address the problems that input variables should be reduced as much as possible and explain output variables fully in building neural network model of complicated system, a variable selection method based on cluster (analysis) was investigated. Similarity coefficient which describes the mutual relation of variables was defined. The methods of the highest contribution rate, part replacing whole and variable replacement are put forwarded and deduced by information theory. The software of the neural network based on cluster analysis, which can provide many kinds of methods for defining variable similarity coefficient, clustering system variable and evaluating variable cluster, was developed and applied to build neural network forecast model of cement clinker quality. The results show that all the network scale, training time and prediction accuracy are perfect. The practical application demonstrates that the method of selecting variables for neural network is feasible and effective.展开更多
The contribution of this paper is comparing three popular machine learning methods for software fault prediction. They are classification tree, neural network and case-based reasoning. First, three different classifie...The contribution of this paper is comparing three popular machine learning methods for software fault prediction. They are classification tree, neural network and case-based reasoning. First, three different classifiers are built based on these three different approaches. Second, the three different classifiers utilize the same product metrics as predictor variables to identify the fault-prone components. Third, the predicting results are compared on two aspects, how good prediction capabilities these models are, and how the models support understanding a process represented by the data.展开更多
Based on a fuzzy neural network, the letter presents an approach for the induction of decision trees. The approach makes use of the weights of fuzzy mappings in the fuzzy neural network which has been trained. It can ...Based on a fuzzy neural network, the letter presents an approach for the induction of decision trees. The approach makes use of the weights of fuzzy mappings in the fuzzy neural network which has been trained. It can realize the optimization of fuzzy decision trees by branch cutting, and improve the ratio of correctness and efficiency of the induction of decision trees.展开更多
Malignant gliomas are the most devastating tumors in clinical practice and nave poorest survival, Immunological treatment of such patients may likely increase the survival and quality of life. Dendritic cells (DCs),...Malignant gliomas are the most devastating tumors in clinical practice and nave poorest survival, Immunological treatment of such patients may likely increase the survival and quality of life. Dendritic cells (DCs), most potent antigen presenting cells in combination with oral chemotherapeutic agents may be tried for patients giving consent to such treatment. We have successfully combined the two therapies in an adult male patient who was on downhill course after being operated on once with post operation chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioma in the left parietal area. He received five dendritic cell therapy vaccines in combination with oral chemotherapy and responded dramatically having near normal quality of life for an additional five months with this regime, increasing the survival after operation to 11 months. This therapy is continuing with radiological betterment of the lesion. The DCs are matured with antigen extracted from wax embedded tissue at 6th day of culture. We feel that the treatment can be given to more number of patients to establish its efficacy for the dreaded cancer glioblastoma multiforme.展开更多
The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2...The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management (MFM) has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant (USDA-RBEG). The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation (no artificial feeding) and the intertidal nature (no genetic mixing). This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the Washington coast.展开更多
Mangrove forests occur extensively in the tropic areas rich in wildlife and other non forestry resources and provide a wide array of raw materials for livelihood and production processes and have been a major source o...Mangrove forests occur extensively in the tropic areas rich in wildlife and other non forestry resources and provide a wide array of raw materials for livelihood and production processes and have been a major source of income generation and subsistence for the local people. Exploitation of timber, fuel wood, poles, industrial raw material, and many other non wood products from the mangrove forests give rise to large scale economic activity and income generation. At present, mangrove forests are facing great peril. Reckless exploitation and swampland reclamation result in their gradual degradation. This article deals with the worlds mangrove forest resources and their benefit to people; describes the current status, points out the main causes of the destruction of these forests, presents proposals for protecting mangrove forests, and discusses international cooperation in protecting the world’s mangrove forests.展开更多
This study was performed in five villages of Sandwip Upazila, Chittagong district with a view to identify the tree resources, utilization pattern and economic return of major fruit and timber tree species. Information...This study was performed in five villages of Sandwip Upazila, Chittagong district with a view to identify the tree resources, utilization pattern and economic return of major fruit and timber tree species. Information collected from a total of 60 households ranging from marginal, small, medium and large categories. Number of plant species increased with the increase of homestead area. A total of 33 plant species were recorded from the homegarden, of which 19 were fruit and 14 were timber tree species. Considerable number of vegetables was also planted under the shade of the homestead trees. The investment analysis showed that average benefit-cost ratios were greater than one, net present values were positive and internal rate of returns were more than 10%. Long term investment on horticulture and timber tree species is highly profitable if species like Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cocos nucifera, Tectona grandis and Swietenia macrophylla are planted.展开更多
The olive tree (Olea Europaea) owns the status of national patrimony in Albania. In the past, olive plantations were dictated by Agricultural Policies, where olive trees were cultivated mainly in marginal lowland ar...The olive tree (Olea Europaea) owns the status of national patrimony in Albania. In the past, olive plantations were dictated by Agricultural Policies, where olive trees were cultivated mainly in marginal lowland areas and hills. The highest efficiency in olive production is reached mainly in the Southern and Central regions of the country. After 1990s, olive farming has been highly impacted due to shifts in the economic system. Its interest in the economical aspect is going to be very important in the near future. The government has developed a national scheme for the intensification of olive farming by increasing the planted area by 60,000 ha, or in total to 20 million olive trees. Our study presents an overall view of actual trends of olive farming, olive industry, subsequent environmental problems resulting from farming and olive mills by-products, and finally the role that the government has to play in that sector,展开更多
Longwall mining is by far the most common method of underground coal extraction in Australia. The industry trends and expectations are placing increasing emphasis on the reliability and productivity of these operation...Longwall mining is by far the most common method of underground coal extraction in Australia. The industry trends and expectations are placing increasing emphasis on the reliability and productivity of these operations. The longwalls are becoming wider and longer while retreat rates are continuously increasing due to significant improvements achieved in longwall equipment reliability and automation.This increased longwall productivity is placing significant emphasis on the reliability of longwall panel development. Although there have been significant improvements in the reliability of continuous miners and hydraulic drill rigs,the traditional resin encapsulated bolt installation is still the principal method used in all major coal-producing countries around the world. Anglo American realised an opportunity existed to introduce an alternative roof bolt installation technique called ‘‘spin to stall" in Australia.Spin to stall was first introduced in Anglo American Coal in South Africa where it has been successfully used for over a decade,though implementation of South African spin to stall resin in Australia has proven to be near impossible due to a significant difference in geotechnical conditions,mining method,and,subsequently,roof bolting equipment. Therefore,a new spin to stall development project was initiated between Anglo American Coal and Jennmar Australia(SPIN2STALLò). This paper summarises the journey of this project,the results,and the successful implementation of spin to stall achieved at Grasstree Mine.展开更多
The mulberry paper handmade dryer uses downdraft gasifier, which is a continuous hot air dryer. The downdraft gasifier uses charcoal or wood chip as fuel to produce the producer gas for a dryer heat source. Two steps ...The mulberry paper handmade dryer uses downdraft gasifier, which is a continuous hot air dryer. The downdraft gasifier uses charcoal or wood chip as fuel to produce the producer gas for a dryer heat source. Two steps operation of a dryer as follows: The frst was to reduce mulberry paper pulp moisture by an air vacuum pump; the second was a continuous hot air drying process. The optimum condition drying, the capacity of dryer, the fuel consumption, the drying constant (k) and economics analysis were investigated. It was found that the first step could be to reduce mulberry paper pulp moisture content about 25% and the suitable condition drying was 80 ~C drying temperature, 0.04 kg/s air mass flow rate and 0.29 m/min chain conveyor speed, respectively. The capacity of this dryer was 20 sheets per hour. The quality of mulberry paper product was very good (based on the standard of mulberry paper community 41/2546) and the fuel consumption rate was 5 kg/h (charcoal). The drying constant was about 0.532933-0.541367 min~ and the drying constant was a function of drying temperature (T), air mass flow rate (F) and conveyor speed (10 as equation of k(T, F, V) = 0.567494 + 0.000422T- 1.40588F- 0.000205 V (R2 = 0.9254) and the breakeven point of dryer was 0.79 years.展开更多
The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acurninata Claparede & Lachrnann is a toxic alga that causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. No Dinophysis species were maintained in culture for a long period of time until 2006 when Pa...The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acurninata Claparede & Lachrnann is a toxic alga that causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. No Dinophysis species were maintained in culture for a long period of time until 2006 when Park successfully established D. acuminata in culture using a three-step feeding protocol in which the cryptophyte, Geminigera cryophila, is fed to Myrionecta rubra (=Mesodinium rubrum), a ciliate that is in turn fed to D. acuminata. In this paper, we present the details of culturing D. acuminata from the Northeastern United States. The protocols described herein can be adopted for laboratory studies of this species. The effects of temperature on the growth and ingestion rates of D. acuminata were also examined. The results show that D. acuminata growth rate was 0.23/d at 10℃ and 0.11/d at 4℃when fed M. rubra prey. The maximum prey ingestion rate was 2.80 Dinophysis cell/d at 10℃, although the rate decreased slightly at 4℃. In overall, temperature showed a greater influence on growth rate of D. acuminata than on the ingestion rate under the study conditions, and the quantity of available food was also an important regulator to D. acurninata growth.展开更多
The Absorption and permeability of air-jet textured glass fiber yarn and its fabric and bonded tenacity of the fabric have been studied in relation to the main parameters, air supplied pressure and overfeed ratio.It h...The Absorption and permeability of air-jet textured glass fiber yarn and its fabric and bonded tenacity of the fabric have been studied in relation to the main parameters, air supplied pressure and overfeed ratio.It has been observed that increasing the level of main parameters improves the coated ratio of the textured yarn and its fabric as well as the bonded tenacity of the fabric made of textured yarn. Comparison of absorption or permeability between textured and supplied yarns, and comparison of absorption or permeability and bonded tenacity between the two kinds of fabrics have been elucidated.展开更多
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) has been identified as a non-toxic biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in producing bi...Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) has been identified as a non-toxic biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in producing biodiesel from conventional sources such as soybean, canola, sunflower, and coconut oils. Current efforts are directed towards the development of new non-edible resources. Among these Jatropha Curcas comes at the forefront. In Egypt, Jatropha Curcas has grown successfully using primary treated wastewater. Also, extensive R&D efforts identified the optimum conditions for the various processing stages namely crushing, extraction, transesterification and purification. Based on the research findings, the techno-economic appraisal of biodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas is conducted. Two nominal capacities namely 8,000 and 50,000 metric tons/yr have been proposed. Several scenarios have been formulated to take into consideration varying productivity (3.4 to 5.8 ton fruits per 4,000 m^2 (acre)) and varying recovery rates of oil from seeds. Economic indicators including capital and production costs for the various processing stages and revenues according to current prices of oil and cake have been obtained. The price of biodiesel that provides a simple rate of return (SRR) on investments of 10% was in the range of $0.3-0.7/liter for the different assumed scenarios which is lower than the prevailing price of biodiesel (about $1/liter) in the US. Thus, in view of experimental results and economic assumptions, there are positive prospects for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas under Egyptian conditions.展开更多
Poplar has gained popularity among farmers of Punjab,Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh,and the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh due to their fast growth rate and suitability for industrial uses such as pulp a...Poplar has gained popularity among farmers of Punjab,Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh,and the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh due to their fast growth rate and suitability for industrial uses such as pulp and timber production.Integrating poplar trees into agroforestry systems optimizes land resources and economic gains,as successful techniques have been developed to coordinate crop timing and arrangements effectively.Integrating poplar trees with agricultural crops provides additional income streams for farmers and contributes to soil conservation,biodiversity enhancement,and other environmental benefits.Farmers in these regions typically employ effective spacing of 5 m×4 m for block plantation and 1 m×3 m for row plantation.In the present study,a systematic literature review encompassing 137 English-language journal articles was conducted to assess the economic benefits of Poplar using discounted cash flow(DCF)analysis,considering short-rotation poplar(SRC)and very short-rotation poplar(vSRC)plantations alongside annual crops.The findings revealed that increasing canopy density led to a decline in crop yields by 37%,70%,and 99% at canopy densities of 30%,60%,and 90%,respectively,from early spring to harvest.Cost-benefit analysis in Saharanpur district,India,indicated average annual net returns of USD 346.36 for Poplar-based agrisilviculture,while monoculture yielded USD 140.73 per annum.Furthermore,economic analysis in Yamunanagar and Haridwar districts showed benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to 3.7.Additionally,Poplar block and boundary plantations were found to sequester significantly more carbon in long-lived biomass,serving as substitutes for fossil fuels(5.45 and 1.84 t ha-1 yr-1)in poplar-based systems with block and boundary plantations.The study suggested expanding spacing between tree rows may mitigate resource competition between plantations and crops.The study inferred that Poplar-based agroforestry may play a crucial role in climate mitigation programs by effectively sequestering atmospheric carbon and offering fuel,fodder,timber,and wood products,thereby alleviating pressure on existing natural forests.展开更多
Mulberry is a perennial and broadleaf woody plant. Mulberry trees have long been cultivated for silkworm rearing. In recent years, the roles of mulberry trees in the prevention and control of desertification, water an...Mulberry is a perennial and broadleaf woody plant. Mulberry trees have long been cultivated for silkworm rearing. In recent years, the roles of mulberry trees in the prevention and control of desertification, water and soil conservation, saline-land management and returning the grain plots to forestry have been identified. Meanwhile, multi–usage of mulberry as forage for livestock, for fruit and tea preparation has been gradually explored. Therefore, an innovation occurred in the mulberry industry. This article introduces the ecological and economic values of mulberry trees, the applications of mulberry, and the development of mulberry industry.展开更多
Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, In...Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June - Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, com- bined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean ma- caques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic signifi- cance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support [Current Zoology 59 (2): 160-169, 2013].展开更多
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60272046, No.60102011), Na-tional High Technology Project of China (No.2002AA143010), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK2001042), and the Foundation for Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Southeast Univer-sity (No.YBJJ0412).
文摘Several data mining techniques such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM), artificial neural network, statistical techniques and expert systems are used to model network packets in the field of intrusion detection. In this paper a novel intrusion detection mode based on understandable Neural Network Tree (NNTree) is pre-sented. NNTree is a modular neural network with the overall structure being a Decision Tree (DT), and each non-terminal node being an Expert Neural Network (ENN). One crucial advantage of using NNTrees is that they keep the non-symbolic model ENN’s capability of learning in changing environments. Another potential advantage of using NNTrees is that they are actually “gray boxes” as they can be interpreted easily if the num-ber of inputs for each ENN is limited. We showed through experiments that the trained NNTree achieved a simple ENN at each non-terminal node as well as a satisfying recognition rate of the network packets dataset. We also compared the performance with that of a three-layer backpropagation neural network. Experimental results indicated that the NNTree based intrusion detection model achieved better performance than the neural network based intrusion detection model.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406403)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2011BAD13B02)+1 种基金the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project(No.201205023)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA11020404)
文摘Apostichopus japonicus(Holothuroidea,Echinodermata) is an ecological and economic species in East Asia.Conventional biometric monitoring method includes diving for samples and weighing above water,with highly variable in weight measurement due to variation in the quantity of water in the respiratory tree and intestinal content of this species.Recently,video survey method has been applied widely in biometric detection on underwater benthos.However,because of the high flexibility of A.japonicus body,video survey method of monitoring is less used in sea cucumber.In this study,we designed a model to evaluate the wet weight of A.japonicus,using machine vision technology combined with a support vector machine(SVM) that can be used infield surveys on the A.japonicus population.Continuous dorsal images of free-moving A.japonicus individuals in seawater were captured,which also allows for the development of images of the core body edge as well as thorn segmentation.Parameters that include body length,body breadth,perimeter and area,were extracted from the core body edge images and used in SVM regression,to predict the weight of A.japonicus and for comparison with a power model.Results indicate that the use of SVM for predicting the weight of 33 A.japonicus individuals is accurate(R^2=0.99) and compatible with the power model(R^2=0.96).The image-based analysis and size-weight regression models in this study may be useful in body weight evaluation of A.japonicus in lab and field study.
文摘To address the problems that input variables should be reduced as much as possible and explain output variables fully in building neural network model of complicated system, a variable selection method based on cluster (analysis) was investigated. Similarity coefficient which describes the mutual relation of variables was defined. The methods of the highest contribution rate, part replacing whole and variable replacement are put forwarded and deduced by information theory. The software of the neural network based on cluster analysis, which can provide many kinds of methods for defining variable similarity coefficient, clustering system variable and evaluating variable cluster, was developed and applied to build neural network forecast model of cement clinker quality. The results show that all the network scale, training time and prediction accuracy are perfect. The practical application demonstrates that the method of selecting variables for neural network is feasible and effective.
文摘The contribution of this paper is comparing three popular machine learning methods for software fault prediction. They are classification tree, neural network and case-based reasoning. First, three different classifiers are built based on these three different approaches. Second, the three different classifiers utilize the same product metrics as predictor variables to identify the fault-prone components. Third, the predicting results are compared on two aspects, how good prediction capabilities these models are, and how the models support understanding a process represented by the data.
文摘Based on a fuzzy neural network, the letter presents an approach for the induction of decision trees. The approach makes use of the weights of fuzzy mappings in the fuzzy neural network which has been trained. It can realize the optimization of fuzzy decision trees by branch cutting, and improve the ratio of correctness and efficiency of the induction of decision trees.
文摘Malignant gliomas are the most devastating tumors in clinical practice and nave poorest survival, Immunological treatment of such patients may likely increase the survival and quality of life. Dendritic cells (DCs), most potent antigen presenting cells in combination with oral chemotherapeutic agents may be tried for patients giving consent to such treatment. We have successfully combined the two therapies in an adult male patient who was on downhill course after being operated on once with post operation chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioma in the left parietal area. He received five dendritic cell therapy vaccines in combination with oral chemotherapy and responded dramatically having near normal quality of life for an additional five months with this regime, increasing the survival after operation to 11 months. This therapy is continuing with radiological betterment of the lesion. The DCs are matured with antigen extracted from wax embedded tissue at 6th day of culture. We feel that the treatment can be given to more number of patients to establish its efficacy for the dreaded cancer glioblastoma multiforme.
文摘The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management (MFM) has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant (USDA-RBEG). The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation (no artificial feeding) and the intertidal nature (no genetic mixing). This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the Washington coast.
文摘Mangrove forests occur extensively in the tropic areas rich in wildlife and other non forestry resources and provide a wide array of raw materials for livelihood and production processes and have been a major source of income generation and subsistence for the local people. Exploitation of timber, fuel wood, poles, industrial raw material, and many other non wood products from the mangrove forests give rise to large scale economic activity and income generation. At present, mangrove forests are facing great peril. Reckless exploitation and swampland reclamation result in their gradual degradation. This article deals with the worlds mangrove forest resources and their benefit to people; describes the current status, points out the main causes of the destruction of these forests, presents proposals for protecting mangrove forests, and discusses international cooperation in protecting the world’s mangrove forests.
文摘This study was performed in five villages of Sandwip Upazila, Chittagong district with a view to identify the tree resources, utilization pattern and economic return of major fruit and timber tree species. Information collected from a total of 60 households ranging from marginal, small, medium and large categories. Number of plant species increased with the increase of homestead area. A total of 33 plant species were recorded from the homegarden, of which 19 were fruit and 14 were timber tree species. Considerable number of vegetables was also planted under the shade of the homestead trees. The investment analysis showed that average benefit-cost ratios were greater than one, net present values were positive and internal rate of returns were more than 10%. Long term investment on horticulture and timber tree species is highly profitable if species like Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cocos nucifera, Tectona grandis and Swietenia macrophylla are planted.
文摘The olive tree (Olea Europaea) owns the status of national patrimony in Albania. In the past, olive plantations were dictated by Agricultural Policies, where olive trees were cultivated mainly in marginal lowland areas and hills. The highest efficiency in olive production is reached mainly in the Southern and Central regions of the country. After 1990s, olive farming has been highly impacted due to shifts in the economic system. Its interest in the economical aspect is going to be very important in the near future. The government has developed a national scheme for the intensification of olive farming by increasing the planted area by 60,000 ha, or in total to 20 million olive trees. Our study presents an overall view of actual trends of olive farming, olive industry, subsequent environmental problems resulting from farming and olive mills by-products, and finally the role that the government has to play in that sector,
文摘Longwall mining is by far the most common method of underground coal extraction in Australia. The industry trends and expectations are placing increasing emphasis on the reliability and productivity of these operations. The longwalls are becoming wider and longer while retreat rates are continuously increasing due to significant improvements achieved in longwall equipment reliability and automation.This increased longwall productivity is placing significant emphasis on the reliability of longwall panel development. Although there have been significant improvements in the reliability of continuous miners and hydraulic drill rigs,the traditional resin encapsulated bolt installation is still the principal method used in all major coal-producing countries around the world. Anglo American realised an opportunity existed to introduce an alternative roof bolt installation technique called ‘‘spin to stall" in Australia.Spin to stall was first introduced in Anglo American Coal in South Africa where it has been successfully used for over a decade,though implementation of South African spin to stall resin in Australia has proven to be near impossible due to a significant difference in geotechnical conditions,mining method,and,subsequently,roof bolting equipment. Therefore,a new spin to stall development project was initiated between Anglo American Coal and Jennmar Australia(SPIN2STALLò). This paper summarises the journey of this project,the results,and the successful implementation of spin to stall achieved at Grasstree Mine.
文摘The mulberry paper handmade dryer uses downdraft gasifier, which is a continuous hot air dryer. The downdraft gasifier uses charcoal or wood chip as fuel to produce the producer gas for a dryer heat source. Two steps operation of a dryer as follows: The frst was to reduce mulberry paper pulp moisture by an air vacuum pump; the second was a continuous hot air drying process. The optimum condition drying, the capacity of dryer, the fuel consumption, the drying constant (k) and economics analysis were investigated. It was found that the first step could be to reduce mulberry paper pulp moisture content about 25% and the suitable condition drying was 80 ~C drying temperature, 0.04 kg/s air mass flow rate and 0.29 m/min chain conveyor speed, respectively. The capacity of this dryer was 20 sheets per hour. The quality of mulberry paper product was very good (based on the standard of mulberry paper community 41/2546) and the fuel consumption rate was 5 kg/h (charcoal). The drying constant was about 0.532933-0.541367 min~ and the drying constant was a function of drying temperature (T), air mass flow rate (F) and conveyor speed (10 as equation of k(T, F, V) = 0.567494 + 0.000422T- 1.40588F- 0.000205 V (R2 = 0.9254) and the breakeven point of dryer was 0.79 years.
基金provided by a grand fostering project from the Ministry of Education,People’s Republic of China (No 707011)the China Scholarship Council(CSC)2007+2 种基金supported by grants (to ANDERSON M Donald) from the US. National Science Foundation (Nos. NSF OCE-0402707OCE-0850421)the Ocean Life Institute at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
文摘The dinoflagellate Dinophysis acurninata Claparede & Lachrnann is a toxic alga that causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. No Dinophysis species were maintained in culture for a long period of time until 2006 when Park successfully established D. acuminata in culture using a three-step feeding protocol in which the cryptophyte, Geminigera cryophila, is fed to Myrionecta rubra (=Mesodinium rubrum), a ciliate that is in turn fed to D. acuminata. In this paper, we present the details of culturing D. acuminata from the Northeastern United States. The protocols described herein can be adopted for laboratory studies of this species. The effects of temperature on the growth and ingestion rates of D. acuminata were also examined. The results show that D. acuminata growth rate was 0.23/d at 10℃ and 0.11/d at 4℃when fed M. rubra prey. The maximum prey ingestion rate was 2.80 Dinophysis cell/d at 10℃, although the rate decreased slightly at 4℃. In overall, temperature showed a greater influence on growth rate of D. acuminata than on the ingestion rate under the study conditions, and the quantity of available food was also an important regulator to D. acurninata growth.
文摘The Absorption and permeability of air-jet textured glass fiber yarn and its fabric and bonded tenacity of the fabric have been studied in relation to the main parameters, air supplied pressure and overfeed ratio.It has been observed that increasing the level of main parameters improves the coated ratio of the textured yarn and its fabric as well as the bonded tenacity of the fabric made of textured yarn. Comparison of absorption or permeability between textured and supplied yarns, and comparison of absorption or permeability and bonded tenacity between the two kinds of fabrics have been elucidated.
文摘Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) has been identified as a non-toxic biodegradable alternative fuel that is obtained from renewable sources. Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in producing biodiesel from conventional sources such as soybean, canola, sunflower, and coconut oils. Current efforts are directed towards the development of new non-edible resources. Among these Jatropha Curcas comes at the forefront. In Egypt, Jatropha Curcas has grown successfully using primary treated wastewater. Also, extensive R&D efforts identified the optimum conditions for the various processing stages namely crushing, extraction, transesterification and purification. Based on the research findings, the techno-economic appraisal of biodiesel production from Jatropha Curcas is conducted. Two nominal capacities namely 8,000 and 50,000 metric tons/yr have been proposed. Several scenarios have been formulated to take into consideration varying productivity (3.4 to 5.8 ton fruits per 4,000 m^2 (acre)) and varying recovery rates of oil from seeds. Economic indicators including capital and production costs for the various processing stages and revenues according to current prices of oil and cake have been obtained. The price of biodiesel that provides a simple rate of return (SRR) on investments of 10% was in the range of $0.3-0.7/liter for the different assumed scenarios which is lower than the prevailing price of biodiesel (about $1/liter) in the US. Thus, in view of experimental results and economic assumptions, there are positive prospects for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas under Egyptian conditions.
文摘Poplar has gained popularity among farmers of Punjab,Haryana,Western Uttar Pradesh,and the foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh due to their fast growth rate and suitability for industrial uses such as pulp and timber production.Integrating poplar trees into agroforestry systems optimizes land resources and economic gains,as successful techniques have been developed to coordinate crop timing and arrangements effectively.Integrating poplar trees with agricultural crops provides additional income streams for farmers and contributes to soil conservation,biodiversity enhancement,and other environmental benefits.Farmers in these regions typically employ effective spacing of 5 m×4 m for block plantation and 1 m×3 m for row plantation.In the present study,a systematic literature review encompassing 137 English-language journal articles was conducted to assess the economic benefits of Poplar using discounted cash flow(DCF)analysis,considering short-rotation poplar(SRC)and very short-rotation poplar(vSRC)plantations alongside annual crops.The findings revealed that increasing canopy density led to a decline in crop yields by 37%,70%,and 99% at canopy densities of 30%,60%,and 90%,respectively,from early spring to harvest.Cost-benefit analysis in Saharanpur district,India,indicated average annual net returns of USD 346.36 for Poplar-based agrisilviculture,while monoculture yielded USD 140.73 per annum.Furthermore,economic analysis in Yamunanagar and Haridwar districts showed benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.35 to 3.7.Additionally,Poplar block and boundary plantations were found to sequester significantly more carbon in long-lived biomass,serving as substitutes for fossil fuels(5.45 and 1.84 t ha-1 yr-1)in poplar-based systems with block and boundary plantations.The study suggested expanding spacing between tree rows may mitigate resource competition between plantations and crops.The study inferred that Poplar-based agroforestry may play a crucial role in climate mitigation programs by effectively sequestering atmospheric carbon and offering fuel,fodder,timber,and wood products,thereby alleviating pressure on existing natural forests.
基金supported by grants from Chongqing Scienceand Technology Commissionthe key project of research plan"Research and Demonstration on key technologies of Mulberry Ecological Industry in Falling Away Field of Three Gorges Reservoir Area" (CSTC-2011AB1028)
文摘Mulberry is a perennial and broadleaf woody plant. Mulberry trees have long been cultivated for silkworm rearing. In recent years, the roles of mulberry trees in the prevention and control of desertification, water and soil conservation, saline-land management and returning the grain plots to forestry have been identified. Meanwhile, multi–usage of mulberry as forage for livestock, for fruit and tea preparation has been gradually explored. Therefore, an innovation occurred in the mulberry industry. This article introduces the ecological and economic values of mulberry trees, the applications of mulberry, and the development of mulberry industry.
文摘Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June - Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, com- bined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean ma- caques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic signifi- cance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support [Current Zoology 59 (2): 160-169, 2013].