赤子爱胜蚓五种纤溶酶组分的分离纯化及对纤维蛋白原酶解的初步研究

经硫酸铵盐析沉淀和ＰＡＧＥ制备电泳，从赤子爱胜蚓（Ｅｉｓｅｎｉａｆｏｅｌｉｄｅ）粗品中分离纯化出五种纤溶酶组份（Ⅰ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ），在ＰＡＧＥ中均呈现单一带。组份Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅹ能将纤维蛋白原中α、β、γ链依次降解，对α链亲和力最大。组份Ｘ不能降解４３．５ＫＤ、４０ＫＤ、２４．５ＫＤ片段。组份Ⅰ对α链有较高亲和力而对γ链无降解作用。

纤溶系统与临床的联系

纤维蛋白溶解(纤溶)系统是机体重要的生理性调节和防御系统,在维持体内腺体管道的通畅和清除沉淀的纤维蛋白方面都起着重要的作用。但是,在病理情况下,纤溶系统功能亢进会导致临床出血倾向;反之,纤溶系统功能减退会引起临床血栓形成。本文就纤溶系统的生理作用及其与临床的联系作一简要叙述。

从凝血纤溶系统方面探讨女运动员经血量的变化机制

测定了１７名女运动员的经血量及运动前、后凝血纤溶系统的某些指标（抗凝血酶血浓度、活性，纤维蛋白溶酶原和Ｘ１抗胰蛋白酶浓度、血小板），结果提示：女运动员经血量的改变，部分原因是由于运动引起机体凝血、纤溶系统功能变化造成的，女运动员的经血量少于普通妇女，与运动增强了机体的止血功能有关。

高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平与病情严重程度的关系

[目的]探讨高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者血清中解整合素-金属蛋白酶10(ADAM-10)、可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(suPAR)的水平及其与病情严重程度的关系。[方法]选取2021年2月—2023年2月期间于本院就诊的125例高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者作为研究组,另选取同期体检健康者76例作为对照组。根据研究组患者动脉粥样硬化程度将其分为轻度组(n=40)、中度组(n=42)和重度组(n=43),治疗60天后,根据患者的预后情况将其分为预后良好组(n=74)与预后不良组(n=51)。采用ELISA法测定血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平;比较不同预后患者的临床资料;采用Pearson法分析高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)的关系;采用多因素Logistic回归分析高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者预后不良的影响因素;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估ADAM-10、suPAR单独及联合检测对高血压合并动脉粥样硬化预后不良的预测价值。[结果]研究组血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);中度、重度组患者血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平明显高于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组患者血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平明显高于中度组(P<0.05);预后不良组患者血清ADAM-10和suPAR水平、左右侧IMT、收缩压、舒张压明显高于预后良好组(P<0.05);Pearson相关性分析结果显示,高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者血清ADAM-10和suPAR水平与收缩压、舒张压和IMT均呈正相关(P<0.001);Logistic回归分析结果显示,收缩压、舒张压和ADAM-10、suPAR水平升高及IMT增加是影响高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线分析结果显示,血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平单独及联合预测高血压合并动脉粥样硬化预后不良的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.819、0.830、0.900,二者联合优于各自单独预测(Z_(二者联合-ADAM-10)=2.766,P=0.006;Z_(二者联合-suPAR)=2.602,P=0.009)。[结论]高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者血清ADAM-10、suPAR水平明显升高,且与动脉粥样硬化严重程度呈正相关,两者对评估高血压合并动脉粥样硬化患者预后有较高的预测价值。

急性心肌梗塞尿激酶溶栓治疗的护理体会

急性心肌梗塞(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)是急诊常见危重病,是诱发猝死的主要原因之一。快速有效的院前急救可降低患者的死亡率,入院后早期进行溶栓治疗,恢复冠状动脉的血流灌注是降低急性心肌梗塞病死率,改善预后的最有效措施。尿激酶能直接作用于内源性纤维蛋白溶解系统,能催化裂解纤溶酶原成纤溶酶,不仅能降解纤维蛋白凝块,亦能降解血循环中的纤维蛋白原、凝血因子V和凝血因子峪等,且该药费用低廉,因此基层医院在临床上常应用它作为溶栓治疗首选药。在溶栓治疗中,正确及时的病情观察和细致的护理是治疗成功的重要保障。

VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL INJURIES AND CHANGES OF BLOOD COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS INDEXES IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Objective To study endothelial damage by observing changes of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in blood, coagula-tion and fibrinolysis index in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Methods CECs were separated by isopycnic centrifugation method in 14 patients with acute lung injury (ALI), 7 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 10 intensive care unit (ICU) controls, and 15 healthy controls. Plasma prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FG), fibrin degradation products (FDP), and D-dimer were examined simultaneously. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE)Ⅱand lung injury score (LIS) were recorded to evaluate severity of illness and lung injury. Results (1) The number of CECs in ALI (10.4 ±2.3) and ARDS groups (16.1 ±2.7) was higher than that in the healthy (1.9 ±0.5) (P< 0.01). In both ALI and ARDS, the number of CECs correlated with APACHEⅡ(r=0.55, P< 0.05 and r=0.62, P< 0.05, respectively)and LIS (r=0.60, P< 0.05 and r=0.53, P< 0.05, respectively). CEC number was negatively correlated with PaO 2 in ALI and ARDS (r=-0.49, P< 0.05 and r=-0.64, P< 0.05, respectively). (2) The level of FDP and D-dimer were higher in ALI and ARDS patients than that in ICU and healthy control groups (P< 0.05). The level of FG in ARDS group was significantly higher than in the ICU and healthy control groups (P< 0.05). But in ALI group, the level of FG was significantly higher than only healthy control group (P< 0.05). Conclusions Endothelial cell damage occurs in ARDS patients, which may play a major role in the pathophysiology of ARDS. Changes of endothelial cell activation and damage markers, such as CECs, plasma coagulation and fibrinolysis index, to some extent reflect severity of illness and lung injury in ARDS.

PREVENTION OF PERICARDIAL CONSTRICTION BY TRANSCATHETER INTRAPERICARDIAL FIBRINOLYSIS WITH UROKINASE

Objective To investigate whether intrapericardial urokinase irrigation along with pericardiocentesis could prevent peri-cardial constriction in patients with infectious exudative pericarditis. Methods A total of 94 patients diagnosed as infectious exudative pericarditis (34 patients with purulent pericarditis and 60 with tuberculous pericarditis, the disease courses of all patients were less than 1 month), 44 males and 50 females, aged from 9 to 66 years (mean 45.4 ± 14.7 years), were consecutively recruited from 1993 to 2002. All individuals were randomly given either intrapericardial urokinase along with conventional treatment in study group, or conventional treatment alone (including pericardiocentesis and drainage) in control group. The dosage of urokinase ranged from 200 000 to 600 000 U (mean 320 000 ± 70 000 U). The immediate effects were detected by pericardiography with sterilized air and diatrizoate meglumine as contrast media. The long-term investigation depended on the telephonic survey and echocardiographic examination. The duration of following-up ranged from 8 to 120 months (mean 56.8 ± 29.0 months). Results Percutaneous intrapericardial urokinase irrigation promoted complete drainage of pericardial effusion, signifi-cantly reduced the thickness of pericardium (from 3.1 ± 1.6 mm to 1.6 ± 1.0 mm in study group, P < 0.001; from 3.4 ± 1.6 mm to 3.2 ± 1.8 mm in control group, P > 0.05, respectively), and alleviated the adhesion. Intrapericardial bleeding related to fibrinolysis was found in 6 of 47 patients with non-blood pericardial effusion and no systemic bleeding and severe puncture-related complication was observed. In follow-up, there was no cardiac death, and pericardial constriction events were observed in 9 (19.1%) of study group and 27 (57.4%) of control group. Cox analysis illustrated that urokinase could significantly reduce the occurrence of pericardial constriction (relative hazard coefficient = 0.185, P < 0.0001). Conclusion The early employment of intrapericardial fibrinolysis with urokinase and pericardiocentesis appears to be safe and effective in preventing the development of pericardial constriction in patients with infectious exudative pericarditis.

EFFECTS OF SIMVASTAIN COMBINED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON HIGH SENSITIVE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, LIPIDEMIA, ANDFIBRINOLYSIS IN PATIENTS WITH MIXED DYSLIPIDEMIA

Objective To evaluate the effects of simvastatin combined with omega-3 fatty acids on high sensitive C-reactive protein(HsCRP), lipidemia, and fibrinolysis in coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD risk equivalent patients with mixed dyslipi-demia. Methods A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled and parallel group trial was conducted. Patients with CHD and CHD risk equivalents with mixed dyslipidemia were treated with 10 or 20 mg simvastatin for 6-12 weeks. Following with the treatment of patients whose low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch) reaching goal level (< 100 mg/dL) or close to the goal (< 130 mg/dL), while triglyceride (TG) ≥200 mg/dL and < 500 mg/dL, was combined with omega-3 fatty acids (3 g/d) or a placebo for 2 months. The effects of the treatment on HsCRP, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-ch, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch), TG, lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)], apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), apolipoprotein B (apoB), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were investigated. Forty patients finished the study with each group consisting of twenty patients. Results (1) There were significant reductions of HsCRP, TG, TC, and TC/HDL-ch, which decreased by 2.16 ±2.77 mg/L (38.5%), 94.0 ±65.4 mg/dL (31.1%), 13.3 ±22.3 mg/dL (6.3%), 0.78 ±1.60 respectively in the omega-3 fatty acids group (P< 0.01, < 0.001, < 0.05, < 0.05) compared to the baseline. HsCRP and triglyceride reduction were more significant in omega-3 fatty acids group compared to the placebo group (P=0.021 and 0.011 respectively). (2) In the omega-3 fatty acids group, the values and percentage of TG reduction had a significantly positive relation with HsCRP reduction (r=0.51 and 0.45, P=0.021 and 0.047 respectively). Conclusion In CHD and CHD risk equivalent patients with mixed dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia’s therapeutic effect using simvastatin and omega-3 fatty acids may result from not only the combination of lipid adjustment, but also enhancement of their own nonlipid influences.

Pretreatment of Corn Stover Using Supercritical CO2 with Water-Ethanol as Co-solvent

Supercritical carbon dioxide,with water-ethanol as co-solvent,was applied to pretreat corn stover to enhance its enzymatic hydrolysis.The efficiency of pretreatment was evaluated by the final reducing sugar yield obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.Under the operation conditions of pretreatment pressure 15 MPa,temperature 180 ℃ and time 1 h,the optimal sugar yield of 77.8℅ was obtained.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and chemical composition analysis were applied to the pretreated corn stover.The results showed that the surface morphology and microscopic structure of pretreated corn stover were greatly changed.After the pretreatment,the contents of hemicellulose and lignin were reduced obviously.Thus more cellulose was exposed,increasing the sugar yield.

Effect of Complexation with Hydroxylpropyl-β-Cyclodextrin on Solubility, Dissolution Rate and Chemical Stability of Prostaglandin E1

Aim To study the effect of complexation with hydroxylpropyl-β-cyclodextrin(HP-β-CD) on the solubility, dissolution rate and chemical stability of prostaglandin E_1 (PGE_1) ,thereby providing a basis for preparing a stable solid or aqueous preparation of PGE_1 formulatedwith HP-β-CD. Methods The effect of HP-β-CD on the solubility of PGE_1 was studied by phasesolubility method. The formation of inclusion complexes of PGE_1 with HP-β-CD in the aqueoussolution was confirmed by UV spectra, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and that in the solid stateby IR spectra and X-ray diffractome-try. An solid inclusion complex of PGE_1 with HP-β-CD wasprepared by lyophilization. The dissolution rate and stability of the inclusion complex weredetermined and compared with those of PGE_1 alone. Meanwhile, the stability of PGE_1 aqueoussolutions in the presence of HP-β-CD was studied under different pH conditions. Results Thesolubility of PGE_1 increased linearly with increasing HP-β-CD concentration in various pH bufferedsolutions, showing typical A_L-type phase solubility diagrams. The stability and dissolution rateof the solid inclusion complex of PGE_1 were significantly increased, compared with those of purePGE_1 . The stability of PGE_1 in HP-β-CD solutions was also obviously improved under acidic andbasic conditions, but the stabilizing effect was absent under neutral conditions. Conclusions Thesolubility,dissolution rate and chemical stability of PGE_1 are markedly improved by complexationwith HP-β-CD: It is quite possible to prepare a stable PGE_1 inclusion complex-containing soliddosage forms, but almost impossible to obtain a stable aqueous preparation of PGE_1 formulated withHP-β-CD.

Characterization of polysulfone hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane and its cleaning efficiency by streaming potential and flux method

Polysulfone(PS)hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane was characterized combined with flux and streaming potential in single electrolyte solutions.The effects of trans-membrane pressure,electrolyte concentration,ion valence and pH value of electrolyte solution on the streaming potential(SP)of the membrane were investigated.The zeta potential and surface charge density of the membrane were calculated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory.The results indicate that the valence and concentration of cation have a greater influence on the SP and surface charge density of PS membrane than those of anion,and the pH value of electrolyte solution has great effects on the SP and zeta potential of the membrane surface. Both the absolute value of the streaming potential and water flux of the adsorbed membrane decrease,compared with those of the clean membrane.The streaming potential and flux of the cleaned membrane can be completely recovered by cleaning with the mass fraction of 0.8%EDTA at pH=10.

Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on dissolution kinetics of carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium carbonate two-component tablet

Sodium carbonate and carboxymethyl cellulose powders are compressed into two-component tablets with three mass ratios,97%:3%,95%:5% and 93%:7%.The dissolution tests for two-component tablets and reference pure sodium carbonate tablets are carried out at various temperatures.The dissolution process of each tablet is measured by electrical conductivity tracking method and the concentration of dissolved sodium carbonate is quanti fied with calibrated conductivity-concentration converting equation of sodium carbonate.The quanti fied dissolution data is fitted with both surface reaction model and diffusion layer model and the results clearly show that surface reaction model is suggested as the appropriate dissolution model for all measured tablets.Therefore,it is determined that carboxymethyl cellulose is a stable element to remain the dissolution mechanism of tablet unchanged.The dissolution rate constant quanti fied with surface reaction model presents that carboxymethyl cellulose-sodium carbonate two-component tablets obtain signi ficant higher dissolution rate constant than pure sodium carbonate tablet and higher proportion of carboxymethyl cellulose leads to apparent higher dissolution rate constant.The results prove for the usage of carboxymethyl cellulose in most practical applications at a relative low-level,the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose is effective and positive for two-component tablet to enhance the dissolution process and improve dissolution rate constant and this effect is speculated coming from its dynamic physical transforming process in water including dilation and conglutination.

Soluble Carbohydrates Repress the Cellulolytic Activity of Clostridium cellulovorans and Eubacterium cellulosolvens

Studies have provided indirect evidence that cellulolytic activity of some anaerobic bacteria is repressed by carbohydrates, such as glucose. This effect is known as carbon catabolite repression （CCR）. Previous work has found that cellulolytic activity of Clostridium cellulovorans and Eubacterium cellulosolvens are regulated. Many cellulolytic systems of these organisms are expressed only in the presence of cellulose or cellobiose （the disaccharide of cellulose）. Some of these cellulose-induced systems also appear subject to CCR when more soluble substrates, such as glucose, are also available. To determine if such repression directly effects cellulolytic activity of C. cellulovorans and E. cellulosolvens, these organisms were cultivated in media containing a glucose analog. We then measured the ability of low levels of analog to inhibit growth of the organisms when cellobiose or cellulose were the energy substrates. Our results found that growth of both C. cellulovorans and E. cellulosolvens in cellobiose-containing medium are strongly inhibited by glucose analogs. In addition, both organisms exhibited delayed and slower growth in cellulose-containing medium when a glucose analog was added. These results provide direct demonstration that these cellulolytic bacteria are subject to CCR. This repression of cellulolysis may affect both of these organisms＇ ability to serve as industrial platforms for biomass degradation, and may interfere with the contribution of E. cellulosolvens toward animal digestion of cellulose. These results were also in sharp contrast to what has been reported regarding CCR activity in Clostridium cellulolyticum, which actively expresses cellulases in the presence of low levels of glucose.

Mechanistic study on the cellulose dissolution in ionic liquids by density functional theory

Ionic liquids （ILs） have attracted many attentions in the dissolution of cellulose due to their unique physicochemical properties as green solvents. However, the mechanism of dissolution is still under debate. In this work, computational investigation for the mechanisms of dissolution of cellulose in [Bmim]Cl, [Emim]C1 and [Emim]OAc ILs was performed, and it was focused on the process of breakage of cellulose chain and ring opening using cellobiose as a model molecule. The detailed mechanism and reaction energy barriers were computed for various possible pathways by density functional theoretical method. The key finding was that 1Ls catalyze the dissolution process by synergistic effect of anion and cation, which led to the cleavage of cellulose chain and formation of derivatives of cellulose. The investigation on ring opening process ofcellobiose suggested that carbene formed in ILs played an important role in the side reaction of cellulose, and it facilitated the formation of a covalent bond between cellulose and imidazolium core. These computation results may provide new perspective to understand and apply ILs for pretreatment of cellulose.

Dissolution behavior of calcium-magnesium-silicate glass fiber

The dissolution behavior of CaO-MgO-SiO2 glass fiber was investigated by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer （FTIR） and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） using in-vitro tests. The results show that the soaked fiber is surrounded by an outer calcium-magnesium silicate hydrated layer, and there exists a balancing fimction between the formation and abscission of the hydrated layer during the dissolution process. The concentrations of leached ions increase constantly, and the mass loss of the fibers and pH changes of the solution are found to rise rapidly during the initial dissolution process, then their increasing rates are controlled by the balancing function of the hydrated layer at the subsequent dissolution stages. The dissolution rate constant and time for complete dissolution are estimated to be 274 ng/（cm2.h） and 15.2 d, respectively, presenting preferable biosolubilities.

Novel distribution pattern of fibrinolytic components in rabbit tissues extract: a preliminary study

Objective: The purpose of this work was to investigate the distribution pattern of fibrinolytic factors and their inhibitors in rabbit tissues. Methods: The components of the fibrinolytic system in extracts from a variety of rabbit tissues, including tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), plasminogen (Plg), plasmin (Pl) and α2 plasmin inhibitor (α2PI), were determined by colorimetric assay. Results: The tissue extracts in renal, small intestine, lung, brain and spleen demonstrated strong fibrinolytic function, in which high activity of tPA, Plg and Pl was manifested; whereas in skeletal muscle, tongue and stomach, higher activity of PAI-1 and α2PI showed obviously. Also excellent linear correlations were found between levels of tPA and PAI-1, Pl and α2PI, Plg and Pl. In related tissues, renal cortex and renal marrow showed distinctly higher activity of tPA and lower activity of PAI-1, with the levels of Plg and Pl in renal cortex being higher than those in renal marrow, where the α2PI level was higher than that in renal cortex. Similarly, the levels of tPA, Plg and Pl in small intestine were higher than those in large intestine, but with respect to PAI-1 and α2PI, the matter was reverse. In addition, the fibrinolytic activity in muscle tissue was lower, however, the levels of tPA, Plg, and Pl in cardiac muscle were obviously higher than those in skeletal muscles, and the levels of PAI-1 and α2PI were significantly lower than those in skeletal muscle. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that a remarkable difference of the fibrinolytic patterns exists in rabbit tissues, which has probable profound significance in understanding the relationship between the function of haemostasis or thrombosis and the physiologic function in tissues.

Electrokinetic phenomena of poly(vinyl butyral) hollow fiber membranes in different electrolyte solutions

The streaming potential of poly（vinyl butyral） （PVB） hollow fiber membrane was studied in different electrolyte solutions （including NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2）, the effects of ionic strength, ion valence and pH value on the streaming potential （SP） of the membrane were investigated. The zeta potentials and surface charge densities of the membrane were estimated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory. The results show that the PVB membrane has a weak negative charge due to the specific adsorption of ions. Moreover, the streaming potential, the zeta potential and the surface charge density of the membrane depend strongly on the salt concentration and the type and valence of ions. The iso-electric point （IEP） of the PVB membrane is arotmd 3.0 in the monovalent media （NaC1 and KC1） and 3.5 in divalent electrolytes （CaCl2 and MgCl2）. A few retentions were obtained for PVB membrane in low concentration solutions. This result verifies that the negative charged membrane surface can reject inorganic solutes by means of electrostatic repulsion effect even though the size of membrane pores is much larger than the size of salts.

Measurement of the Average Molecular Weight of Cotton Cellulose Crosslinked by a Polycarboxylic Acid at Different pH Using Multiple Angle Light Scattering Photometer in a DMAc/LiCl Solvent System

Durable press finishing of cotton fabrics with polycarboxylic acid increases fabric wrinkle-resistance at the expense of its mechanical strength. Severe tensile strength loss is the major disadvantage for wrinkle resistant cotton fabrics.Tensile strength loss of cotton fabric crosslinked by a polycarboxylic acid can be attributed to depolymerization and crosslink of cellulose molecules. Measurement of the molecular weight of cotton fabric before and after crosslinked by polycarboxylic acids can offer a possibility of direct understanding of the depolymerization. In this research, amultiple angle laser light scattering photometer was used todetermine the absolute molecular weight of cotton fabric treated with BTCA at different pH and then hydrolyzed with 0. 5 M NaOH solution at 50℃ for 144 h. The results indicate that average molecular weights of cotton fabric treated with polycarboxylic acids at different pH are almost the same.

巴曲酶联合维脑路通治疗急性脑梗塞临床观察

目的观察巴曲酶联合维脑路通治疗急性脑梗塞的临床疗效。方法将96例急性脑梗塞患者随机分为治疗组(50例)和对照组(46例),两组均应用常规治疗及维脑路通作基础用药;治疗组加用巴曲酶治疗。两组进行对照观察。结果治疗组总有效率94%,明显高于对照组(P<0.05),治疗组治疗后神经功能缺损评分较治疗前显著下降,纤维蛋白原(Fg)较治疗前降低,纤溶酶(PL)较治疗前升高,无明显不良反应。结论巴曲酶联合维脑路通治疗急性脑梗塞疗效好,且安全。