We documented the pattern of cell development in Euplotes charon. The ontogenesis of this species was similar to many of its congeners, except for the formation of the caudal cirri. In E. Charon, a caudal cirrus is fo...We documented the pattern of cell development in Euplotes charon. The ontogenesis of this species was similar to many of its congeners, except for the formation of the caudal cirri. In E. Charon, a caudal cirrus is formed posterior to each of the rightmost two or three dorsal kinety anlage in the proter, and the second rightmost dorsal kinety in the opisthe. In addition, two caudal cirri are formed posterior to the rightmost dorsal kinety in the opisthe. This pattern of development represents a completely new type. Based on our evaluation, and in comparison with previous studies, we also conclude that the pattern of cell development is variable among species in the Euplotes genera. The variation is particularly evident during the formation of frontoventral and caudal cirri. Based on the segmentation pattern of frontal-midventral transverse cirral anlagen, cirri reduction, and migration of frontoventral cirri, we identified five types: the affinis-type, the eurystomus-type, the charon-type, the raikovi-type and orientalis-type. Euplotes (s. l.) can also be divided into three types based on the formation of caudal cirri: focardii-type, vannus-type and charon-type. Indeed, we conclude that the number (one or two) of marginal cirri should be given as much consideration as the genetic separation. Given this, we reassessed the validity of using genetic separation to classify the group. Generally, the morphogenetic data disagreed with the molecular data (SSrRNA gene sequences). Given these discrepancies, it is too early to draw conclusions on the systematic arrangement of this species-rich taxon.展开更多
The living morphology and infraciliature of two rare marine ciliates, Placussalinus Dietz, 1964 and Strombidium apolatum Wilbert and Song, 2005, collected from the coastalwaters near Qingdao, China, were investigated ...The living morphology and infraciliature of two rare marine ciliates, Placussalinus Dietz, 1964 and Strombidium apolatum Wilbert and Song, 2005, collected from the coastalwaters near Qingdao, China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnationtechnique. The improved diagnosis for Placus salinus is as follows: medium-sized marine Placus, invivo (50-60) μm X (30-40) μm; cell elliptical to barrel-shaped; 28-31 somatic kineties; singlemacronucleus usually ellipsoid and one micronucleus located in the indention of the macronucleus;one contractile vacuole posteriorly positioned. Strombidium apolatum is characterized by: marinestrombidium (40-60) μm X (30-45) μm in vivo, cordiform in shape with somewhat pointed posteriorend and conspicuous apical protrusion; extrusomes prominent, about 15 μm in length and evenlyarranged along the circle kinety; about 16 collar and 5-6 buccal membranelles; one elongatemacronucleus and one micronucleus; circle and ventral kineties consisting of about 53 and 45dikinetids respectively.展开更多
To separate and redefine the ambiguous Holosticha-complex, a confusing group of hypotrichous ciliates, six strains belonging to five morphospecies of three genera, Holosticha heterofoissneri, Anteholosticha sp. popl, ...To separate and redefine the ambiguous Holosticha-complex, a confusing group of hypotrichous ciliates, six strains belonging to five morphospecies of three genera, Holosticha heterofoissneri, Anteholosticha sp. popl, Anteholosticha sp. pop2, A. manca, A. gracilis and Nothoholostichafasciola, were analyzed using 12 restriction enzymes on the basis of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Nine of the 12 enzymes could digest the DNA products, four （HinfⅠ, Hind Ⅲ, Msp Ⅰ, Taq Ⅰ） yielded species-specific restriction patterns, and Hind Ⅲ and Taq Ⅰ produced different pattems for two Anteholosticha sp. populations. Distinctly different restriction digestion haplotypes and similarity indices can be used to separate the species. The secondary structures of the five species were predicted based on the ITS2 transcripts and there were several minor differences among species, while two Anteholosticha sp. populations were identical. In addition, phylogenies based on the SSrRNA gene sequences were reconstructed using multiple algorithms, which grouped them generally into four clades, and exhibited that the genus Anteholosticha should be a convergent assemblage. The fact that Holosticha species clustered with the oligotrichs and choreotrichs, though with very low support values, indicated that the topology may be very divergent and unreliable when the number of sequence data used in the analyses is too low.展开更多
Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During ...Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During morphogenesis, three dorsal kinetics anlagen are primarily formed. Fragmentation of kinety 3 usually present, while sometimes secondarily lost. Dorsomarginal kineties are formed, while sometimes lost. Oxytrichids tend to have overlapping characters, e.g. cell shape and size, infraciliature, pellicle fea- tures. This makes a great problem for genera separation. In the present work, all typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri Oxytrichi- dae s. 1. genera were revised systematically based on their living morphology, ciliature patterns and dorsal morphogenetic features. The outline of the genera, the schematic illustrations, and the key to typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri genera of Oxytrichidae s. l. were clarified. Additionally, some morphological and morphogenetic patterns were summarized and compared.展开更多
A poorly-described marine planktonic ciliate, Tintinnopsis brasiliensis Kofoid ＆ Campbell, 1929, collected from the Taiping Cape of Qingdao, China, was morphologically investigated based on permanent preparation afte...A poorly-described marine planktonic ciliate, Tintinnopsis brasiliensis Kofoid ＆ Campbell, 1929, collected from the Taiping Cape of Qingdao, China, was morphologically investigated based on permanent preparation after protargol impregnation and was compared with other related congeners. According to the infraciliature, three ciliary groups can be recognized, which reveals a very stable structure among specimens and denotes that the pattern of infraciliature is, apart from the features of the lorica, a highly reliable criterion for species identification.展开更多
The living morphology and infraciliature of a heterotrichous ciliate, Folliculinopsis producta (Wright, 1859) Frauré Fremiet, 1936, which was collected from the north coast of China, were investigated by in vivo ...The living morphology and infraciliature of a heterotrichous ciliate, Folliculinopsis producta (Wright, 1859) Frauré Fremiet, 1936, which was collected from the north coast of China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnation techniques. As a new contribution, a redescription is presented: large Folliculinopsis of green to dark green in color, 800-1500 μm in size; two peristomial lobes of approximately equal size, 300-400 μm in length; adoral zone of membranelles containing about 1000 membranelles, lying along lobe margins and exhibiting two circles within buccal cavity; 50-70 somatic kineties in mid body; macronucleus miniliform, consisting of about 20 beads; lorica smooth, vase shaped, (300-500) μm×(90-130) μm in size, with 5-12 spiral ridges on neck tube; marine habitat.展开更多
The technique of atmospheric pressure plasma is of value in textile industry.In this paper,argon(Ar)and argon/oxygen(Ar/O2)atmospheric pressure plasma were used to treat wool and ramie fibers.The structures and proper...The technique of atmospheric pressure plasma is of value in textile industry.In this paper,argon(Ar)and argon/oxygen(Ar/O2)atmospheric pressure plasma were used to treat wool and ramie fibers.The structures and properties of treated fibers were investigated by means of SEM,XPS,single fiber tensile tester and so on.The results proved that the effects of plasma treatments depended on structural characteristics of fibers to a great extent,besides conditions of plasma treatment.By atmospheric pressure plasma treatment,wool fiber had significant changes in morphology structure,surface chemical component,mechanic properties and dyeability,while ramie fiber just showed a little change.In additional,Ar/O2 plasma showed more effective action than argon.And at the beginning of treatment,plasma brought about remarkable effects,which did not increase with prolonging of treat time.展开更多
The living morphology, nuclear apparatus, infraciliature and silverline system of the poorly known ciliate Pseudocohnilembus hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964, collected from a shrimp culture pond in Qingdao, China, ...The living morphology, nuclear apparatus, infraciliature and silverline system of the poorly known ciliate Pseudocohnilembus hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964, collected from a shrimp culture pond in Qingdao, China, were examined by observation of the live specimen; and by the pyridinated carbonate method and Chatton Lwoff technique. The main characteristics: 13-14 (usually 13) longitudinal or slightly spirally arranged somatic kineties; single contractile vacuole with usually 2 (1-2) pores at posterior ends of the fourth and fifth somatic kineties to the right of the buccal cavity. Several related congeners were compared and morphometrically tabulated.展开更多
Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarde...Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarded as related to euplotids while the latter,in the absence of molecular data,were mostly assigned to the urostylid-like hypotrichs.In the present work,the small subunit rRNA genes of several rarely observed discocephalid and pseudoamphisiellid genera were analyzed to obtain insights into the phylogenetic relationships of these highly ambiguous Spirotrichea.Four different tree reconstruction algorithms yielded nearly identical topologies,which indicated both groups belong to the same assemblage.This assemblage is clearly isolated as a deep-branching clade and invariably positioned between Euplotida and Hypotricha.The sister group relationship of the Pseudoamphisiellidae and Discocephalidae supports the previous suggestion that they might represent an ordinal taxon,the Discocephalida.Both morphological and morphogenetic features indicate that the pseudoamphisiellids should be placed in the order Discocephalida but as a sister group to other typical discocephalids.Thus we propose establishing a new suborder,Pseudoamphisiellina subord.n.The new taxon is diagnosed by the following characteristics:(i) two distantly separated midventral rows that are morphogenetically formed with an urostylid mode;(ii) absence of the "frontoterminal row",which is formed from the posterior-most frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage in all other typical urostylids;(iii) numerous caudal cirri that derive from each of the dorsal kinety anlagen;(iv) right marginal row that has a unique de novo origin;and (v) inhabiting periphytic communities.The validity of the suborder Pseudoamphisiellina is firmly supported by molecular data.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40906065)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 20090451351)a grant from the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, King Saud University
文摘We documented the pattern of cell development in Euplotes charon. The ontogenesis of this species was similar to many of its congeners, except for the formation of the caudal cirri. In E. Charon, a caudal cirrus is formed posterior to each of the rightmost two or three dorsal kinety anlage in the proter, and the second rightmost dorsal kinety in the opisthe. In addition, two caudal cirri are formed posterior to the rightmost dorsal kinety in the opisthe. This pattern of development represents a completely new type. Based on our evaluation, and in comparison with previous studies, we also conclude that the pattern of cell development is variable among species in the Euplotes genera. The variation is particularly evident during the formation of frontoventral and caudal cirri. Based on the segmentation pattern of frontal-midventral transverse cirral anlagen, cirri reduction, and migration of frontoventral cirri, we identified five types: the affinis-type, the eurystomus-type, the charon-type, the raikovi-type and orientalis-type. Euplotes (s. l.) can also be divided into three types based on the formation of caudal cirri: focardii-type, vannus-type and charon-type. Indeed, we conclude that the number (one or two) of marginal cirri should be given as much consideration as the genetic separation. Given this, we reassessed the validity of using genetic separation to classify the group. Generally, the morphogenetic data disagreed with the molecular data (SSrRNA gene sequences). Given these discrepancies, it is too early to draw conclusions on the systematic arrangement of this species-rich taxon.
基金supported by‘The National Science Foundation of China’(Nos.40376045,30430090)
文摘The living morphology and infraciliature of two rare marine ciliates, Placussalinus Dietz, 1964 and Strombidium apolatum Wilbert and Song, 2005, collected from the coastalwaters near Qingdao, China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnationtechnique. The improved diagnosis for Placus salinus is as follows: medium-sized marine Placus, invivo (50-60) μm X (30-40) μm; cell elliptical to barrel-shaped; 28-31 somatic kineties; singlemacronucleus usually ellipsoid and one micronucleus located in the indention of the macronucleus;one contractile vacuole posteriorly positioned. Strombidium apolatum is characterized by: marinestrombidium (40-60) μm X (30-45) μm in vivo, cordiform in shape with somewhat pointed posteriorend and conspicuous apical protrusion; extrusomes prominent, about 15 μm in length and evenlyarranged along the circle kinety; about 16 collar and 5-6 buccal membranelles; one elongatemacronucleus and one micronucleus; circle and ventral kineties consisting of about 53 and 45dikinetids respectively.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30870264 and 40976099)the Center of Excellence in Biodiversity, King Saud University
文摘To separate and redefine the ambiguous Holosticha-complex, a confusing group of hypotrichous ciliates, six strains belonging to five morphospecies of three genera, Holosticha heterofoissneri, Anteholosticha sp. popl, Anteholosticha sp. pop2, A. manca, A. gracilis and Nothoholostichafasciola, were analyzed using 12 restriction enzymes on the basis of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. Nine of the 12 enzymes could digest the DNA products, four （HinfⅠ, Hind Ⅲ, Msp Ⅰ, Taq Ⅰ） yielded species-specific restriction patterns, and Hind Ⅲ and Taq Ⅰ produced different pattems for two Anteholosticha sp. populations. Distinctly different restriction digestion haplotypes and similarity indices can be used to separate the species. The secondary structures of the five species were predicted based on the ITS2 transcripts and there were several minor differences among species, while two Anteholosticha sp. populations were identical. In addition, phylogenies based on the SSrRNA gene sequences were reconstructed using multiple algorithms, which grouped them generally into four clades, and exhibited that the genus Anteholosticha should be a convergent assemblage. The fact that Holosticha species clustered with the oligotrichs and choreotrichs, though with very low support values, indicated that the topology may be very divergent and unreliable when the number of sequence data used in the analyses is too low.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372148)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Oxytrichidae s. l. ciliates usually have 18 frontal-ventral-transverse cirri which are clustered to six distinct groups usu- ally originating from six longitudinal primordia segregating 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 cirri. During morphogenesis, three dorsal kinetics anlagen are primarily formed. Fragmentation of kinety 3 usually present, while sometimes secondarily lost. Dorsomarginal kineties are formed, while sometimes lost. Oxytrichids tend to have overlapping characters, e.g. cell shape and size, infraciliature, pellicle fea- tures. This makes a great problem for genera separation. In the present work, all typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri Oxytrichi- dae s. 1. genera were revised systematically based on their living morphology, ciliature patterns and dorsal morphogenetic features. The outline of the genera, the schematic illustrations, and the key to typical 18 frontal-ventral-transverse-cirri genera of Oxytrichidae s. l. were clarified. Additionally, some morphological and morphogenetic patterns were summarized and compared.
基金supported by'the Natural Science Foundation of China'(No.40376045)'the National Science Council,R0C'(NSC 89-2611-M-019-007-K2).
文摘A poorly-described marine planktonic ciliate, Tintinnopsis brasiliensis Kofoid ＆ Campbell, 1929, collected from the Taiping Cape of Qingdao, China, was morphologically investigated based on permanent preparation after protargol impregnation and was compared with other related congeners. According to the infraciliature, three ciliary groups can be recognized, which reveals a very stable structure among specimens and denotes that the pattern of infraciliature is, apart from the features of the lorica, a highly reliable criterion for species identification.
文摘The living morphology and infraciliature of a heterotrichous ciliate, Folliculinopsis producta (Wright, 1859) Frauré Fremiet, 1936, which was collected from the north coast of China, were investigated by in vivo observation and protargol impregnation techniques. As a new contribution, a redescription is presented: large Folliculinopsis of green to dark green in color, 800-1500 μm in size; two peristomial lobes of approximately equal size, 300-400 μm in length; adoral zone of membranelles containing about 1000 membranelles, lying along lobe margins and exhibiting two circles within buccal cavity; 50-70 somatic kineties in mid body; macronucleus miniliform, consisting of about 20 beads; lorica smooth, vase shaped, (300-500) μm×(90-130) μm in size, with 5-12 spiral ridges on neck tube; marine habitat.
文摘The technique of atmospheric pressure plasma is of value in textile industry.In this paper,argon(Ar)and argon/oxygen(Ar/O2)atmospheric pressure plasma were used to treat wool and ramie fibers.The structures and properties of treated fibers were investigated by means of SEM,XPS,single fiber tensile tester and so on.The results proved that the effects of plasma treatments depended on structural characteristics of fibers to a great extent,besides conditions of plasma treatment.By atmospheric pressure plasma treatment,wool fiber had significant changes in morphology structure,surface chemical component,mechanic properties and dyeability,while ramie fiber just showed a little change.In additional,Ar/O2 plasma showed more effective action than argon.And at the beginning of treatment,plasma brought about remarkable effects,which did not increase with prolonging of treat time.
文摘The living morphology, nuclear apparatus, infraciliature and silverline system of the poorly known ciliate Pseudocohnilembus hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964, collected from a shrimp culture pond in Qingdao, China, were examined by observation of the live specimen; and by the pyridinated carbonate method and Chatton Lwoff technique. The main characteristics: 13-14 (usually 13) longitudinal or slightly spirally arranged somatic kineties; single contractile vacuole with usually 2 (1-2) pores at posterior ends of the fourth and fifth somatic kineties to the right of the buccal cavity. Several related congeners were compared and morphometrically tabulated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40906065 and 31030059)
文摘Discocephalids and pseudoamphisiellids are possibly two of the most confused groups among hypotrichous/euplotid ciliates regarding their systematic position and phylogenetic relationships.The former were often regarded as related to euplotids while the latter,in the absence of molecular data,were mostly assigned to the urostylid-like hypotrichs.In the present work,the small subunit rRNA genes of several rarely observed discocephalid and pseudoamphisiellid genera were analyzed to obtain insights into the phylogenetic relationships of these highly ambiguous Spirotrichea.Four different tree reconstruction algorithms yielded nearly identical topologies,which indicated both groups belong to the same assemblage.This assemblage is clearly isolated as a deep-branching clade and invariably positioned between Euplotida and Hypotricha.The sister group relationship of the Pseudoamphisiellidae and Discocephalidae supports the previous suggestion that they might represent an ordinal taxon,the Discocephalida.Both morphological and morphogenetic features indicate that the pseudoamphisiellids should be placed in the order Discocephalida but as a sister group to other typical discocephalids.Thus we propose establishing a new suborder,Pseudoamphisiellina subord.n.The new taxon is diagnosed by the following characteristics:(i) two distantly separated midventral rows that are morphogenetically formed with an urostylid mode;(ii) absence of the "frontoterminal row",which is formed from the posterior-most frontoventral-transverse cirral anlage in all other typical urostylids;(iii) numerous caudal cirri that derive from each of the dorsal kinety anlagen;(iv) right marginal row that has a unique de novo origin;and (v) inhabiting periphytic communities.The validity of the suborder Pseudoamphisiellina is firmly supported by molecular data.
