SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTION MANAGEMENT WITH MULTIPLE COMPETING RETAILERS

As for the supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and multiple competing retailers, the disruption management decision is considered for the demand disruption that both the investment sensitivity coefficient and the investment-elasticity are changed simultaneously. Meanwhile, the corresponding solutions are given for different cases of the disruption, and the characteristics of the solutions are analyzed. The production plan is proved to he robustness under certain conditions, and the production plan of the coordination strategy is investigated for the disruption with appropriate contractual arrangement, i. e. , a subside rate schedule. Mutual restraints exist between the changed investment sensitivity coefficient and the investment-elasticity when the coordination mecha- nism is used. And the more the number of the retailers in the system, the more the subside provided by the suppler on the coordinaton strategy.

Research on Rural Idle Ponds in the Perspective of Human Asset Specificity

A thorough investigation was carried out to the pond resources of a county, and Grossman-Hart-Moore （GHM） incomplete contract theory was used to do the economic analysis on the idle pond resources. The result indicated that with the deepening of market-oriented economy, the human asset specificity under the incomplete contract had distorted the investment incentives to the governance of ponds that corresponding policies were required to govern the idle ponds.

OPTIMAL CONTRACTS IN TWO-ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND NONLINEAR DEMAND

The challenge for supply chain management is to create appropriate supply chain contracts so as to optimize the system performance. To examine the role of asymmetric information in a two-echelon supply chain system and derive supply chain contracts to deal with existing asymmetric information, a two level supply chain model including one Supplier and one retailer under the demand of price elasticity is developed. By using the principalagent principle and the optimal control theory, three types of supply chain contract, i. e. , a wholesale pricing contract, a two-parameter linear and a two-parameter nonlinear contracts are obtained. In these contracts, the Supplier has asymmetric information about the retailer cost structure. Simulation results show that the two-parameter contracts are more effective strategies to achieve supply chain coordination.

世界四大品牌的天然化妆品盘点

天然化妆品是指利用精细化工和生物化工技术,从动物器官、植物等天然原料中提取出来的具有独特美容功效的化合物。这些化合物无色素和刺激性气味,药效持久稳定,无副作用或副作用很小,疗效明显,针对性强。

Study on the Price Design and Contract Stability of "Company + Farmer" Model with Time Preference under Double Moral Hazards

The double moral hazard of ＂company ＋ farmer＂ and the time preference cost of company and farmer was analyzed. According to static game model, it re-vealed that the reason for low compliance rate of ＂company ＋ farmer＂ model was the existence of market risk, namely, the fluctuation of market price, and the stable market price in contracts was actualy a kind of interval, instead of a specific value. Furthermore, the effect of default penalty, market transaction cost and time prefer-ence cost on the stability of contract was studied. The results showed that default penalty, market transaction cost and time preference cost had positive influence on the price interval range of a contract.

《荆轲刺秦王》若干注释补正

《荆轲刺秦王》（见高中语文课本第六册）选自《战国策·燕策三》。课文的若干注释,有的不够确切,有的不够全面,现分条说明如下。 1、课本171页注释⑥:[长侍]经常侍奉。 在古汉语中,“长”的最一般用法是表示时间的长久,与“短暂”“短促”相对。如《老子·士章》:“天长地久。”《庄子·秋水》:“吾长见笑於大方之家。” 此外,“长” 还可以表示一段时间内行为的频率,相当于现代汉语的“经常”“常常”,与“偶而”“偶然”相对。（吕叔湘主编的《现代汉语八百句》认为,“常常”是副词,“表示行为、动作发生的次数多”,可证）。但这种用法在先秦似乎並不普遍,唐宋以后才逐渐多起来。例如唐代张籍的《猛虎行》诗:“长向村家取黄犊。”宋代王安石的《书湖阴先生壁》诗:“茅檐长扫净无苔”课本中“长侍”的“长”,应是“长久”之义,注释为“经常”是不对的。这不仅可从“长”在先秦时代的一般用法中看出来,而且在这句话的上下文中也能找到证据。原文是:“秦兵旦暮渡易水,则虽欲长侍足下,岂可得哉?” 与“长”相呼应的词语是“旦暮”。“旦暮” 表示时间“短暂”“短促”,那么“长” 则表示时间长久,这是显而易见的。

Effect of contract choice on upstream carbon emission reduction considering carbon taxation

In order to curb the manufacturer’s product carbon emission levels, the leading retailer usually offers three contracts to the manufacturer, i.e., wholesale-price contract(WC), cost-sharing contract(CC) and revenue-sharing contract(RC). The results of implementing the three contracts are discussed and compared. The results reveal that as long as the government levies carbon taxations, all the three contracts can effectively stimulate the manufacturer to invest in carbon emission reduction. Among the three contracts, RC can achieve the highest level of carbon emission reduction of products and the maximum profits for both the manufacturer and retailer in a supply chain. However, the RC fails to reach the level of the centralized supply chain(CSC), thus it cannot coordinate the supply chain. The supply chain members’ contract choices are consistent. Both members prefer RC to the other two contracts. In order to effectively reduce the manufacturer’s carbon emission levels, the government should impose the highest carbon taxation level under RC, the medium carbon taxation level under CC, the lowest carbon taxation level under WC, and the same carbon taxation level as RC under the CSC.

清代京畿地区的土地典交易

清代京畿地区土地交易中的典,其内涵并不纯粹,而是跨越了从租佃到买卖这一地权交易体系的各个阶段,具有多样性表现。这种情况的出现既是当地民间对典与抵押两者认识模糊的产物,也是规避土地买卖纳税和旗民交产限制的结果。在旗地、旗租地交易的历程中,通过“典租”等形式的应用又使得典与租佃发生内在联系,二者相互浸透,互相包含。当地自发“构筑”的这套与典相关的,灵活处理土地财产的方式是民间日常与国家制度、成文法之间相互博弈时不断进行调试的结果。

Diversification or splitting-an explanation based on Contract Theory

By inserting the variable of the exactness of corporate valuation into the classic model of Contract Theory, this paper, on the bases of the interaction of the variables of the veraciousness of corporate valuation, managerial incentives and operational risks, explores the deep-seated reasons for changes in corporate structures, and draws the conclusion that the divestment of the subsidiary is beneficial to shareholders when the parent corporate is undervalued and that the relation between the parent and the subsidiary is disordered, or vice versa. This conclusion is consistent with the motives of many divestiture cases in reality.

A Co-integration Approach to Forecasting Container Carriers' Time Charter Rates

A vector autoregressive model was developed for a sample of container carrier time charter rates. Although the series of time charter rates are themselves found non-stationary, thus precluding the use of many modeling methodologies, evidence provided by co-integration tests points to the existence of stable long-term relationships between the series. An assessment of the forecasts derived from the model suggests that the spec-ification of these long-term relationships does not improve the accuracy of long-term forecasts. These results are interpreted as a corroboration of the efficient market hypothesis.

Comparison on global supply chain purchasing strategies based on supply contracts

In the global supply chain in a setting characterized by exchange rate uncertainties,it is quite necessary to focus on comparative research trying to find out which kind of purchasing strategy is better in different situations.The two common global purchasing strategies,risk sharing(RS)and quantity flexibility(QF),are selected to be compared.Using a real-options approach,the valuation models of RS and QF purchasing contracts are established.By means of binomial lattice technique,numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis of two stochastic dynamic programs are presented.The effects on expected discounted value by changing relative parameters are described clearly.Based on comparative analysis,it is concluded that the QF purchasing strategy is better than that of the RS especially where great volatility exists for exchange rate processes in the global supply chain.

Effects of Contractual Savings Scheme on Slovak National Economy

Abstract： Contractual savings scheme is specific purpose saving, which was provided in Slovakia since 1993. It is a state-supported saving, the purpose of which is to finance housing needs in the Slovak Republic. Savers can be an individual, association of owners or legal person who enters into a contract with building society or for whom the contract about contractual savings scheme is concluded. State bonuses is contractual savings scheme, a significantly more attractive form of targeted saving. This ensures the supply of investment in the construction sector, which in turn through multiplier effect significantly affects other sectors of the national economy. In this article, the authors deal with the influence of contractual savings scheme to the national economy of the Slovak Republic. The main objective of this study is describing the effectiveness of state bonuses for contractual savings scheme. It is simulated through the impact of contractual savings scheme on employment, on public funds and impact on public finances. This effect is illustrated on a model of state subsidizing of each one Euro spent through the state bonuses for contractual savings scheme and its impact for the national economy with offsetting the significant role of the multiplier effect.

荆轲刺秦王失败有感

说起荆轲刺秦王的失败,看过这个故事的人,第一反应大概都会将过错归咎到秦武阳身上。这个关键时刻露出马脚,引起秦王疑心的副手确实辜负了燕太子丹的期许,没起到协助大业的作用。然而,蓄谋已久的计划,肩负行刺重任的高手荆轲,已经站到秦王面前的人,怎么未能将秦王一刀刺死?荆轲在临死前对秦王骂道:"事所以不成者,乃欲以生劫之,必得约契以报太子也。"他说其之所以不杀秦王,是为了生擒秦王,逼迫秦王立下契约,以此方式保住燕国。

从《荆轲刺秦王》谈文言文发散性思维的培养

一直以来,古诗文教学重＂言＂还是重＂文＂的问题一直存在争议,在实际的课堂教学中,两者往往不能兼顾,更多的教师从实用主义出发,为了追求＂高分＂,过于重视注释翻译,轻视文本。如此的教学方式,使得大部分的学生只能得到一些支离破碎的知识。致使学生以为文言文就是机械背诵,因而提不起学习兴趣。

ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTY OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT SOLUTION OF A RELIABILITY MODEL

We discuss a transfer line consisting of a reliable machine, an unreliable machine and a storage buffer. This transfer line can be described by a group of partial differential equations with integral boundary conditions. First we show that the operator corresponding to these equations generates a positive contraction C0-semigroup T(t), and prove that T(t) is a quasi-compact operator. Next we verify that 0 is an eigenvalue of this operator and its adjoint operator with geometric multiplicity one. Last, by using the above results we obtain that the time-dependent solution of these equations converges strongly to their steady-state solution.

A threshold key escrow scheme based on public key cryptosystem

In key escrow field it is important to solve the problem thatuser's secret key completely depends on the trusted escrow agency. In 1995, some methods of solving the problem were presented. But these methods are no better than that of directly using threshold cryptography. In this paper, we present a common pattern of threshold key escrow scheme based on public key cryptosystem, and a detailed design based on the improved RSA algorithm is given. The above problem is solved by this scheme.

A Legal Structure for Limiting the Agency Cost of Stock Rights Transfer

The unilateral disposition of stock rights＇ voting rights detracts from the welfare of the other shareholders. Contractual arrangements restricting or prohibiting the transfer of stock rights under the capital majority rule may infringe upon shareholders＇ fight of withdrawal, further weakening stock market constraints on senior management and indirectly raising the agency cost of management abuse of power for private ends. In creating a legal structure for stock rights transfer, we need to find an appropriate balance between freedom of contract, capital majority rule and reduction of agency costs. Judges should determine that the transfer of voting rights is invalid in order to ensure that voting rights match residual claim rights and maintain the constraints on senior management represented by shareholder voting rights. The general prohibition of stock fights transfer in the articles of association blocks shareholders＇ right of withdrawal; this is not conducive to restraining potential abuses of power on the part of senior management and should be made invalid. Judges must differentiate between long- and short-term contracts and the initial and revised clauses of the articles of association in order to distinguish between the efficacy of different arrangements limiting transfer of stock rights as laid down in the articles of association.

Effect of hydrogen bond formation/replacement on solubility characteristics, gastric permeation and pharmacokinetics of curcumin by application of powder solution technology

The present research aimed to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of curcumin using the potential of liquisolid technology. Twelve drug-loaded liquisolid systems (LS-1 to LS-12) were prepared using different vehicles (PEG 200, PEG 400 and Tween 80) and curcumin concentrations in vehicle (40%, 50%, 60% and 70%, w/w). The carrier [microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) PH102] to coat (Aerosil®) ratio was 20 in all formulations. The systems were screened for pre-compression properties before being compressed to liquisolid tablets (LT-1 to LT-12). Post compression tests and in vitro dissolution of LTs were conducted and the results compared with those obtained for a directly compressed tablet (DCT) made of curcumin, MCC PH102 and Aerosil®. LTs exhibited higher cumulative drug release (CDR) than the DCT and the optimum formulation, LT-9 (made using Tween 80), was studied by powder XRD, DSC, SEM and FTIR. Ex-vivo permeation of curcumin from LT-9 through goat gastrointestinal mucosa was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced and its oral bioavailability was increased 18.6-fold in New Zealand rabbits. In vitro cytotoxicity (IC50) of LT-9 towards NCL 87 cancer cells was 40.2 µmol/L substantiating its anticancer efficacy. Accelerated stability studies revealed insignificant effects of temperature and humidity on LT-9. In summary, solubility enhancement of curcumin in LTs produced significant improvements in its permeation and bioavailability.

A Multi-indentured Repairable Inventory System with Limited and Different Diagnostic Repair Resources

This paper describes the characteristics of a single-base repairable inventory system and multi-indenture structure with communality and redundancy. At the base, there are a working field that has a maximum of z equipment on line and its repair channels, which mainly consist of two centers： line replaceable units （LRUs） diagnostic center and shop replaceable units （SRUs） repair center. In these two centers, the resources are finite and different. We introduce routing probabilities to express the repair relationships between resources and failed replaced units. The diagnostic time follows exponential distribution and SRU repair time follows general distribution with known average. We analyze the general model of this system, and present an approximate solution that uses two-step negative binomial approximation to obtain the expected backorders of all LRUs. The first step is fitting negative binomial distributions to the distributions of the number for all SitUs at the repair center, and the second is fitting negative binomial distributions to the convolutions of the distributions of the number for all LRUs in diagnostic and assemblydelayed. Thus, we give the approximate value of operational awilability of equipment based on this method. Finally, the results under two policies of routing probabilities are compared by the optimal curves.