环境纳米污染物与微界面水质过程

提出了环境纳米污染物的分类概念 .环境中对生态和人体有危害的污染物大多处于纳米级尺度 ,并因此而具有许多与污染行为有关的特征 .它们在微界面上的强烈吸附及各种反应就是突出的表现 .文中讨论了它们特殊的共同特征和环境微界面上的行为 ,举出其形态分布、光化学降解、生物膜作用、污染控制技术等方面的例子加以阐述 .纳米污染物界面形貌的观测是近代仪器的重要发展 .纳米污染物与微界面的相互作用构成它们环境污染效应的核心机理 。

污水生物处理系统中纳米颗粒污染物的影响

重点探讨了水处理系统中纳米颗粒(NPs)污染物的分布和归趋特点,及其对系统中微生物菌群结构与功能、有机物与氮磷去除效率的影响.结果显示:反应器可拦截进水中90%以上NPs;NPs短期内对水处理系统有机物去除效率无明显抑制,当50 mg/L的纳米TiO2和ZnO作用70 d可使得污水总氮去除率从80.3%,81.5%降至24.4%和70.8%,纳米ZnO甚至可使除磷效率完全丧失.NPs还会造成反应器内硝化细菌浓度和比重的下降,如50 mg/L TiO2作用70d可使反应器内氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌含量分别由8%,6%降至1%和3%,但对聚磷菌种群的相关显著影响尚未发现.NPs的生物毒性作用机制主要包括氧化胁迫、细胞膜破坏与酶活性抑制等,如50 mg/L的纳米TiO2可分别对活性污泥中的氨单加氧酶和亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶活性产生80%和55%的抑制率.

磁性微/纳米材料吸附环境污染物的研究进展

就功能化铁氧化物、磁性微/纳米碳材料、磁性介孔氧化硅材料以及其它磁性微/纳米材料吸附环境污染物的应用进行评述。

纳米科技的神奇畅想

纳米技术已经取得了举世瞩目的成绩,在21世纪充满了活力,如今纳米技术已经渗透到各个领域,并且影响着人们的生活方式,本文主要介绍它的应用前景。

微污染物的影响评价及其去除技术

传统污水处理只关心对有机物和营养物的去除,并未涉及对微污染物和新兴纳米材料污染物的控制。关于微污染物对环境与人体健康的潜在影响与危害,目前人类还知之甚少,所以应建立起有效的预警机制,这就需要建立切实有效的微污染物影响评价方法和寻求适当的去除技术。在简要评述已有微污染物影响评价方法的基础上,着重介绍了毒理学(TKTD)动态数学模型在评价微污染物影响方面的作用与应用。为应对污水中存在的微污染物,介绍了几种可有效去除污水中微污染物的技术方法。同时,根据微污染物的来源与污水处理技术的局限,强调对微污染物的源头控制。

无损伤单晶圆兆声波清洗装置的研发

在半导体制造中,随着集成电路特征尺寸的不断缩小,晶圆表面纳米颗粒污染物的无损伤清洗变得越来越具有挑战。介绍了一种自主研发的单晶圆兆声波清洗装置,利用石英微共振腔阵列对到达晶圆表面的兆声波能量进行控制。研究了不同工艺条件下该装置清洗后的颗粒去除效率,并与常规喷嘴的清洗结果进行比较。在图形损伤方面,采用该装置对具有40 nm线宽的多晶硅线条状栅极结构的图形晶圆进行了损伤测试,并与商业化的兆声波清洗装置的清洗结果进行对比。结果表明,该自主研发的装置能够在保证对晶圆表面图形结构没有损伤的前提下,有效地去除颗粒污染物,在40 nm及以下的半导体清洗工艺中应用前景广阔。

Novel SiO2 nanoparticle-decorated BiOCl nanosheets exhibiting high photocatalytic performances for the removal of organic pollutants

Novel SiO2/BiOCl composites were fabricated by decorating BiOCl nanosheets with SiO2 nanoparticles via a simple hydrothermal process. The as-prepared pure BiOCl and SiO2/BiOCl composites were intensively characterized by various techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM/TEM, BET, UV-vis, DRS, XPS, and photocurrent measurements. The SiO2/BiOCl composite nanosheets displayed high photocatalytic activity and excellent stability in the degradation of organic pollutants such as phenol, bisphenol A (BPA), and rhodamine B (RhB). With respect to those over bare BiOCl, the degradation rates of RhB, BPA, and phenol over 1.88% SiO2/BiOCl increased 16.5%, 29.0%, and 38.7%, respectively. Radical capturing results suggested that h^+ is the major reactive species and that hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide (·O2^-) radicals could also be involved in the degradation of organic pollutants. The enhanced photocatalytic performances of SiO2/BiOCl composites can be mainly attributed to the improved texture and the formation of intimate SiO2/BiOCl interfaces, which largely promoted the adsorption of organic pollutants, enhanced the light harvesting, and accelerated the separation of e^– and h^+.

Hydrogen producing water treatment through mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers with oriented nanocrystals

The development of well-defined TiO2 nanoarchitectures is a versatile strategy to achieve high-efficiency photocatalytic performance.In this study,mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers consisting of oriented nanocrystals were fabricated by a facile vapothermal-assisted topochemical transformation of preformed H-titanate nanobelts.The vapothermal temperature is crucial in tuning the microstructures and photocatalytic redox properties of the resulting mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers.The microstructures were characterized with XRD,TEM,XPS and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms,etc.The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of organic pollutant(Rhodamine B as an example)as well as photocatalytic reduction of water to generate hydrogen(H2).The nanofibers vapothermally treated at 150°C showed the highest photocatalytic activity in both oxidation and reduction reactions,2 times higher than that of P25.The oriented alignment and suitable mesoporosity in the resulting nanofiber architecture were crucial for enhancing photocatalytic performances.The oriented alignment of anisotropic anatase nanocrystals shall facilitate faster vectorial charge transportation along the nanofibers architecture.And,the suitable mesoporosity and high surface area would also effectively enhance the mass exchange during photocatalytic reactions.We also demonstrate that efficient energy-recovering photocatalytic water treatments could be accomplished by a cascading oxic-anoxic process where the dye is degraded in the oxic phase and hydrogen is generated in the successive anoxic phase.This study showcases a novel and facile method to fabricate mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers with high photocatalytic activity for both clean energy production and environmental purification.

Nanofiber-based enrichment device for sampling organic contaminants in vacuum environment

A novel method for sampling and enriching organic volatile contaminants in the vacuum environment combined with qualitative analysis based on the vacuum simulation test is proposed. A nanofiber is used as absorbent to collect the organic volatile contaminants in the vacuum environment and then eluted by methanol. The eluent is analyzed by gas chromatography （ GC ） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC/MS） to identify the composition of the organic contaminants. The nanofiber is composed of polystyrene and it is prepared by electrospinning. Before being used, the nanofiber is processed by ultrasound in ethanol for 15 min to remove some impurities and dried in an oven at 60 ℃, and then 10 mg of the nanofiber is wrapped in a thermoplastic polyester fabric pocket. The vacuum pump oil and di-iso-decyl phthalate （DIDP） are chosen as absorbates to test the absorbent performance of the nanofiber in the vacuum environment. Experiments are performed under the pressure of 10-4 and 103 Pa, respectively. It is shown that the nanofiber-based enrichment device can be used to adsorb the organic contaminants in the vacuum simulation environment.

Sono-assisted preparation of magnetic ferroferric oxide/graphene oxide nanoparticles and application on dye removal

A simple ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation method was developed to prepare ferroferric oxide/graphene oxide magnetic nanoparticles(Fe_3O_4/CO MNPs).The hysteresis loop of Fe_3O_4/GO MNPs demonstrated that the sample was typical of superparamagnetic material.The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscope,and it is found that the particles are of small size.The Fe_3O_4/GO MNPs were further used as an adsorbent to remove Rhodamine B.The effects of initial pH of the solution,the dosage of adsorbent,temperature,contact time and the presence of interfering dyes on adsorption performance were investigated as well.The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudosecond-order kinetic model respectively.The adsorption process followed intra-particle diffusion model with more than one process affecting the adsorption of Rhodamine B.And the adsorption process was endothermic in nature.Furthermore,the magnetic composite with a high adsorption capacity of Rhodamine B could be effectively and simply separated using an external magnetic field.And the used particles could be regenerated and recycled easily.The magnetic composite could find potential applications for the removal of dye pollutants.

Green synthesis of nickel nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum and their application in dye and pollutant adsorption

Nickel nanoparticles as an eco-friendly adsorbent was biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The physiochemical properties of green synthesized nickel nanoparticles(Ni Gs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy(UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). Ni Gs were used as adsorbent for the removal of dyes such as crystal violet(CV), eosin Y(EY), orange II(OR) and anionic pollutant nitrate(NO3-), sulfate(SO42-) from aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of Ni Gs was examined in batch modes at different p H, contact time, Ni G dosage, initial dye and pollutant concentration. The adsorption process was p H dependent and the adsorption capacity increased with increase in contact time and with that of Ni G dosage, whereas the adsorption capacity decreased at higher concentrations of dyes and pollutants. Maximum percentage removal of dyes and pollutants were observed at 40, 20,30, 10 and 10 mg·L-1initial concentration of CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities in Langmuir isotherm were found to be 0.454, 0.615, 0.273, 0.795 and 0.645 mg·g-1at p H 8, 3, 3, 7and 7 for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively. The higher coef ficients of correlation in Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption. The mean energies(E), 2.23, 3.53, 2.50, 5.00 and 3.16 k J·mol-1for CV, EY, OR, NO3-and SO42-respectively, calculated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm showed physical adsorption of adsorbate onto Ni Gs. Adsorption kinetics data was better fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics with R2 N 0.870 for all dyes and pollutants. Ni Gs were found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes and pollutants from aqueous solution and can be applied to treat textile and tannery ef fluents.

A Novel 3-D Nano-assembly Bacteria Based Biosensor for Enhanced Detection of Heavy Metal Pollutants

Nowadays, at a time of growing concern for sustainable development and compliance with environmental standards and legislation, the detection of heavy metal contaminants in environmental matrices represents a difficult but important task. The current major limitation lies in the poor detection limits of the targeted pollutant＇s trace concentrations by the available conventional techniques. In order to elaborate a novel ＂living＂ self assembled electrochemical 3-D biosensor, the authors propose a new concept to overcome this shortcoming. The advantages of the properties of polyelectrolyte-functionalized NBs （nanobeads） are combined along with the use of non covalently strongly bound micro-organisms. The designed 3-D biosensor is all the more promising as it has showed a significantly improved sensitivity. In fact, the detection limits of the tested heavy metals （cadmium and mercury） were as low as 1.0 × 10^-12 mol.L-1 and six to seven orders of magnitude lower than those provided by conventional 2-D biosensors. Furthermore, it is potentially applicable to a wide range of bioreceptor-pollutant detection systems.

2D/2D heterostructured photocatalyst: Rational design for energy and environmental applications

Two-dimensional/two-dimensional(2D/2D)hybrid nanomaterials have triggered extensive research in the photocatalytic field.The construction of emerging 2D/2D heterostructures can generate many intriguing advantages in exploring high-performance photocatalysts,mainly including preferable dimensionality design allowing large contact interface area,integrated merits of each 2D component and rapid charge separation by the heterojunction effect.Herein,we provide a comprehensive review of the recent progress on the fundamental aspects,general synthesis strategies(in situ growth and ex situ assembly)of 2D/2D heterostructured photocatalysts and highlight their applications in the fields of hydrogen evolution,CO2 reduction and removal of pollutants.Furthermore,the perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities regarding the development of 2D/2D heterostructure photocatalysts are also presented.

Magnetite/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites： One Step Solvothermal Synthesis and Use as a Novel Platform for Removal of Dye Pollutants

A simple one step solvothermal strategy using non-toxic and cost-effective precursors has been developed to prepare magnetite/reduced graphene oxide （MRGO） nanocomposites for removal of dye pollutants. Taking advantage of the combined benefits of graphene and magnetic nanoparticles, these MRGO nanocomposites exhibit excellent removal efficiency （over 91% for rhodamine B and over 94% for malachite green） and rapid separation from aqueous solution by an external magnetic field. Interestingly, the performance of the MRGO composites is strongly dependent on both the loading of Fe304 and the pH value. In addition, the adsorption behavior of this new adsorbent fits well with the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In further applications, real samples--including industrial waste water and lake water--have been treated using the MRGO composites. All the results demonstrate that the MRGO composites are effective adsorbents for removal of dye pollutants and thus could provide a new platform for dye decontamination.

Supported noble metal nanoparticles as photo/sono-catalysts for synthesis of chemicals and degradation of pollutants

This review summarizes the utilization of supported noble metal nanoparticles (such as Au/TiO2, Au/ZrO2, Ag/AgCl) as efficient photo/sono-catalysts for the selective synthesis of chemicals and degradation of environmental pollutants. Supported noble metal nanoparticles could efficiently catalyze the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. Under UV/visible light irradiation, important chemical transformations such as the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds, the oxidation of thiol to disulfide, the oxidation of benzene to phenol, and the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds to form aromatic azo compounds, are effectively achieved by supported noble metal nanoparticles. Under ultrasound irradiation, supported noble metal nanoparticles could efficiently catalyze the production of hydrogen from water. Moreover, various pollutants, including aldehydes, alcohols, acids, phenolic compounds, and dyes, can be effectively decomposed over supported noble metal nanoparticles under UV/visible light irradiation. Under ultrasound irradiation, pollutant molecules can also be completely degraded with supported noble metal nanoparticles as catalysts.

PbCrO_4 yellow-pigment nanorods: An efficient and stable visible-light-active photocatalyst for O_2 evolution and photodegradation

Here, PbCrO4 nanorods, a commonly used and low-cost yellow pigment, was synthesized via a simple pre-cipitation reaction and can serve as a highly efficient oxygen production and photodegradation photocatalyst. The obtained PbCrO4 nanorods exhibit excellent stability and pho-tocatalytic performance for O2 evolution from water. The production rate is approximately 314.0μmol h^-1 g^-1 under visible light, and the quantum efficiency is approximately 2.16% at 420±10 nm and 0.05% at 600±10 nm. In addition, the PhCrO4 shows good degradation performance for methylene blue, methyl blue, methyl orange and phenol under visible-light irradiation. These results indicate that it is potential to fabricate an effective, robust PbCrO4 photocatalyst by trans-forming heavy-metal pollutants Pb（II） and Cr（VI） into a highly efficient O2 evolution and photodegradation material. This strategy which uses pollutant to produce clean energy and degrade contaminants is completely green and environmentally benign, and thus could be a promising way for practical environmental applications. Keywords： 02 evolution, pollutant, PbCrO4 nanorods, visible-light-active, photocatalyst