磁性超微粒的线度效应和分形特性

讨论了磁性超微粒磁结构的线度效应(单畴结构,超顺磁驰豫)、磁特性的线度效应(饱和磁化强度、矫顽力、磁化率及磁转变温度)、磁聚集的分形特性以及线度效应对粒子分形聚集的影响,并介绍了目前有关的实验研究和理论工作进展.

超细SnO_2纳米晶粒带边光吸收的线度效应

采用超细过滤方法 ,分别制备含有平均线度小于 2nm的超细SnO2 纳米晶粒的酸性和碱性溶胶溶液 .通过动态光散射、X射线衍射和晶粒透射电子显微镜像测量 ,确定了SnO2 晶粒的线度 .对其光吸收谱测量发现 ,超细过滤后酸性和碱性溶胶溶液中晶粒的带边光吸收能量均有明显蓝移 .分析结果表明 ,SnO2 晶粒的线度减小是同类晶粒带边光吸收蓝移的主要原因 .

线度和非简谐效应对Ag纳米晶热力学性质的影响

应用固体物理和统计物理的理论,考虑原子作非简谐振动,从微观角度研究了Ag纳米晶的热膨胀系数、格林乃森常数、化学势等随温度的变化规律.结果表明:①在简谐近似下,Ag纳米晶不会有热膨胀,其格林乃森常数为零,非简谐效应导致热膨胀系数和格林乃森常数都随着温度升高而增大,但变化较慢.②球形Ag纳米晶的化学势大于平面块状晶体的化学势,且粒子线度愈小,两者相差愈大;其中,由界面弯曲引起的化学势修正μ′e随粒径的减小而增大,粒径较大时,μe′将不变.③球形Ag纳米晶受温度的影响大于平面块状晶体,总化学势随温度升高而减小,但变化缓慢,由界面弯曲引起的化学势修正μ′e随温度升高而增大,且温度愈高,μ′e的变化速度愈快.④非简谐效应影响纳米晶热力学性质的本质在于它改变了原子的相互作用势形式和总相互作用能.

超微粒的表面能随粒径和温度变化规律探讨

考虑了超微粒的线度效应和原子振动的非简谐效应，从微观角度导出了超微粒的表面能随粒径和温度变化规律的具体表示式．当应用于Ａｇ超微粒时。

电场对球状纳米系统高能级分裂和谱线的影响

探讨了电场作用下球状纳米系统电子的能级分裂规律和谱线分布,以CdS/HgS/CdS球状纳米系统为例,讨论了电场对高能级分裂和谱线的影响.结果表明:①电场作用下球状纳米系统发生的斯塔克效应,能级按1,3,…,2n-1进行分裂,与氢原子情况相同.但各能级会发生能级位移;②电场引起的电子能级移动量与电场E的平方成正比;它随线度的变化情况与能级有关,有的能级的能级位移量随线度增大而减小,而有的则相反;③电场不仅使纳米系统的谱线条数增多,而且谱线频率发生改变,频率变化量随样品线度增大而减小,但减小程度与能级有关.

A Straightforward Method of Calculating Finely the Soft X-Ray Spectra of Hydrogenlike Highly Ionized-States

A new method of calculating finely the soft X ray spectra of hydrogenlike highly ionized states is presented. It is based on the relation of the ionicity and the ionization energies of hydrogenlike atoms and the new model of potential function of hydrogenlike atoms. The relativistic revision and the spin orbit couping of excitation energy levels are taken into account. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experiments.

New tangent stiffness matrix for geometrically nonlinear analysis of space frames

A three-dimensional beam element is derived based on the principle of stationary total potential energy for geometrically nonlinear analysis of space frames. A new tangent stiffness matrix, which allows for high order effects of element deformations, replaces the conventional incremental secant stiffness matrix. Two deformation stiffness matrices due to the variation of axial force and bending moments are included in the tangent stiffness. They are functions of element deformations and incorporate the coupling among axial, lateral and torsional deformations. A correction matrix is added to the tangent stiffness matrix to make displacement derivatives equivalent to the commutative rotational degrees of freedom. Numerical examples show that the proposed dement is accurate and efficient in predicting the nonlinear behavior, such as axial-torsional and flexural-torsional buckling, of space frames even when fewer elements are used to model a member.

Locating the cocktail and scaling-relation breaking effects of high-entropy alloy catalysts on the electrocatalytic volcano plot

High entropy alloys(HEAs)have been the star materials in electrocatalysis research in recent years.One of their key features is the greatly increased multiplicity of active sites compared to conventional catalytic materials.This increased multiplicity stimulates a cocktail effect and a scaling-relation breaking effect,and results in improved activity.However,the multiplicity of active sites in HEAs also poses new problems for mechanistic studies.One apparent problem is the inapplicability to HEA catalysts of the currently most popular mechanistic study method,which uses the electrocatalytic theoretical framework(ETF)based on the computational hydrogen electrode(CHE).The ETF uses a single adsorption energy to represent the catalyst,i.e.,a catalyst is represented by a'point'in the volcanic relationship.It naturally does not involve the multiplicity of active sites of a catalyst,and hence loses brevity in expressing the cocktail effect and scaling-relation breaking effect in HEA catalysis.This paper attempts to solve this inapplicability.Based on the fact that the adsorption energy distribution of HEAs is close to a normal distribution,the mean and variance of the adsorption energy distribution are introduced as descriptors of the ETF,replacing the original single adsorption energy.A quantitative relationship between the variance and the cocktail and scaling-relation braking effects is established.We believe the method described in this work will make the ETF more effective in mechanistic studies of HEA electrocatalysis.

Modeling Regional and Local-scale Permafrost Distribution in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Using Equivalent-elevation Method

This study proposes an equivalent-elevation method to evaluate the integrated effects of latitude and elevation on regional and local-scale permafrost distribution in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and to model the general permafrost-distribution patterns in regional and local-scale area.It is found that the Gaussian curve―an empirical model describing the relation between variations of altitudinal permafrost lower limit (PLL) and latitude in the Northern Hemisphere―could be applied in regional-and local-scale areas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in a latitude-sensitive interval of 30°-50°N.The curve was then used to evaluate the latitudinal effect on permafrost distribution through transforming the latitudinal effect into a kind of altitudinal difference of PLL.This study then calculated the local equivalent-elevation value by overlaying the altitudinal difference of PLL onto real elevation at a certain location.The equivalent-elevation method was verified in an experimental subwatershed of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.However,feasibility of the method should be further tested in order to extend for future studies.The use of equivalent-elevation values can build a platform for comparing the regional general permafrost distribution in the plateau,and for basing further evaluations of local factors' effects on regional permafrost distribution.

Aerodynamic problems of cable-stayed bridges spanning over one thousand meters

The elongating of cable-stayed bridge brings a series of aerodynamic problems. First of all,geometric nonlinear effect of extreme long cable is much more significant for cable-stayed bridge spanning over one thousand meters. Lateral static wind load will generate additional displacement of long cables,which causes the decrease of supporting rigidity of the whole bridge and the change of dynamic properties. Wind load,being the controlling load in the design of cable-stayed bridge,is a critical problem and needs to be solved. Meanwhile,research on suitable system between pylon and deck indicates fixed-fixed connection system is an effective way for improvement performance of cable-stayed bridges under longitudinal wind load. In order to obtain aerodynamic parameters of cable-stayed bridge spanning over one thousand meters,identification method for flutter derivatives of full bridge aero-elastic model is developed in this paper. Furthermore,vortex induced vibration and Reynolds number effect are detailed discussed.

A Nonlinear Restoring Effect Study of Mooring System and its Application

Mooring system plays an important role in station keeping of floating offshore structures. Coupled analysis on mooring-buoy interactions has been increasingly studied in recent years. At present, chains and wire ropes are widely used in offshore engineering practice. On the basis of mooring line statics, an explicit formulation of single mooring chain/wire rope stiffness coefficients and mooring stiffness matrix of the mooring system were derived in this article, taking into account the horizontal restoring force, vertical restoring force and their coupling terms. The nonlinearity of mooring stiffness was analyzed, and the influences of various parameters, such as material, displacement, pre-tension and water depth, were investigated. Finally some application cases of the mooring stiffness in hydrodynamic calculation were presented. Data shows that this kind of stiffness can reckon in linear and nonlinear forces of mooring system. Also, the stiffness can be used in hydrodynamic analysis to get the eieenfrequencv of slow drift motions.

Modelling and Vibration of Gear Drive Systems Influenced by Real Face Width

Gear drives are one of the most common parts in many rotating machinery. If the gear drive runs under lower torque load, nonlinear effects like gear mesh interruption can occur and vibration is accompanied by impact motions of the gears, This paper presents an original method of the mathematical modelling of gear drive nonlinear vibrations by using the modal synthesis method with degrees of freedom number reduction. The model respects nonlinearities caused by gear mesh interruption, parametric gearing excitation caused by time-varying meshing stiffness and nonlinear contact forces acting between journals of the rolling-element bearings and the outer housing. The nonlinear model is then used for investigation of gear drive vibration, especially for constant gear mesh determination. The theoretical method is applied for investigating of test gear drive nonlinear vibration.

Effect of grain boundary on electric performance of ZnO nanowire transistor with wrap-around gate

A novel grain boundary(GB) model characterized with different angles and positions in the nanowire was set up.By means of device simulator,the effects of grain boundary angle and location on the electrical performance of ZnO nanowire FET(Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor) with a wrap-around gate configuration,were explored.With the increase of the grain boundary angle,the electrical performance degrades gradually.When a grain boundary with a smaller angle,such as 5° GB,is located close to the source or drain electrode,the grain boundary is partially depleted by an electric field peak,which leads to the decrease of electron concentration and the degradation of transistor characteristics.When the 90° GB is located at the center of the nanowire,the action of the electric field is balanced out,so the electrical performance of transistor is better than that of the 90° GB located at the other positions.

Surface effects on large deflection of nanowires

Surface effects play an important role in the mechanical behavior of nanosized structural elements owing to the increased ratio of surface area to volume. The surface effects on the large deflection of nanowires were considered. Both geometric nonlinearity in finite deformation and surface effects at nanoscale were taken into account to analyze the bending of nanowires subjected to a concentrated force. For simply supported beams and clamped-clamped beams, the influence of surface effects and geometric nonlinearity were discussed in detail. It is found that both surface effects and geometric nonlinearity tend to decrease the deflection of bending nanowires and thus increase the effective elastic modulus of nanowires. Surface effects yield the size dependent behavior of nanowires.

Predicting size effect on diffusion-limited current density of oxygen reduction by copper wire

The size effect of copper wire radius (0.04–0.82 mm) on the diffusion-limited current density of an oxygen reduction reaction in stagnant simulated seawater (naturally aerated 0.5 mol/L NaCl) is investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and compared with the results obtained in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4. In the oxygen diffusion-limited range, size effect is found to occur independent of electrolytes, which is attributed to non-linear diffusion. Additionally, to satisfy application in a marine setting, an empirical equation correlating oxygen diffusion-limited current density to copper wire radius is proposed by fitting experimental data.

Flexible conductive Ag nanowire/cellulose nano?bril hybrid nanopaper for strain and temperature sensing applications

With the rapid development of smart wearable devices, flexible and biodegradable sensors are in urgent needs. In this study, ‘‘green" electrically conductive Ag nanowire (Ag NW)/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) hybrid nanopaper was fabricated to prepare flexible sensors using the facial solution blending and vacuum filtration technique. The amphiphilic property of cellulose is beneficial for the homogeneous dispersion of Ag NW to construct effective electrically conductive networks. Two different types of strain sensors were designed to study their applications in strain sensing. One was the tensile strain sensor where the hybrid nanopaper was sandwiched between two thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) films through hot compression, and special micro-crack structure was constructed through the pre-strain process to enhance the sensitivity. Interestingly, typical pre-strain dependent strain sensing behavior was observed due to different crack densities constructed under different pre-strains. As a result, it exhibited an ultralow detection limit as low as 0.2%, good reproducibility under different strains and excellent stability and durability during 500 cycles (1% strain, 0.5 mm/min). The other was the bending strain sensor where the hybrid nanopaper was adhered onto TPU film, showing stable and recoverable linearly sensing behavior towards two different bending modes (tension and compression). Importantly, the bending sensor displayed great potential for human motion and physiological signal detection. Furthermore, the hybrid nanopaper also exhibited stable and reproducible negative temperature sensing behavior when it was served as a temperature sensor. This study provides a guideline for fabricating flexible and biodegradable sensors.

Astronaut mass measurement using linear acceleration method and the effect of body non-rigidity

Astronaut's body mass is an essential factor of health monitoring in space.The latest mass measurement device for the International Space Station (ISS) has employed a linear acceleration method.The principle of this method is that the device generates a constant pulling force,and the astronaut is accelerated on a parallelogram motion guide which rotates at a large radius to achieve a nearly linear trajectory.The acceleration is calculated by regression analysis of the displacement versus time trajectory and the body mass is calculated by using the formula m=F/a.However,in actual flight,the device is instable that the deviation between runs could be 6-7 kg.This paper considers the body non-rigidity as the major cause of error and instability and analyzes the effects of body non-rigidity from different aspects.Body non-rigidity makes the acceleration of the center of mass (C.M.) oscillate and fall behind the point where force is applied.Actual acceleration curves showed that the overall effect of body non-rigidity is an oscillation at about 7 Hz and a deviation of about 25%.To enhance body rigidity,better body restraints were introduced and a prototype based on linear acceleration method was built.Measurement experiment was carried out on ground on an air table.Three human subjects weighing 60-70 kg were measured.The average variance was 0.04 kg and the average measurement error was 0.4%.This study will provide reference for future development of China's own mass measurement device.

Metal-organic framework film for fluorescence turn-on H2S gas sensing and anti-counterfeiting patterns

Hydrogen sulphide(H2 S)is a common air pollutant,which is produced in various industry processes.Therefore,it is of crucial importance to detect H2 S in real time.Many fluorescent sensors were reported aiming at detecting H2 S in solution;however,the fluorescence sensing of gaseous H2 S has not yet been reported.In this work,we utilized the post-functionalized fluorescent film,MIL-100(In)@Eu3+/Cu2+film,realizing fluorescence turn-on sensing of gaseous H2 S at room temperature for the first time with the limit of detection as low as 0.535 ppm,which is comparable to some reported fluorescent probes for S2-ions and semiconductor based gaseous H2 S sensors.The sensor was designed due to the strong affinity of H2 S with Cu2+.With the formation of CuS,the"antenna effect"between the ligand and Eu3+recovered,resulting in the fluorescence turn-on of Eu3+emission.Additionally,we proposed a new method to realize multi-colour anti-counterfeiting patterns with lanthanide ions ink,taking advantage of the extraordinary smooth surface and uncoordinated carboxylate groups within the MIL-100(In)film.

High sensitive and ultrafast UV photodetector based on ZrO_2 single crystals

The fast-response ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric effect in ZrO2 single crystals with interdigitated electrodes has been investigated experimentally at room temperature. The photovoltage of ZrO2 single crystals exhibits a linear dependence on applied bias and light power density. The photocurrent responsivity to the UV light with a wavelength of 253.65 nm is 9.8 mA/W. For the photovoltaic pulse, a rise time of 501 ps and a full width at half maximum of 1.5 ns have been obtained, when the ZrO2 single crystal is illuminated by a 266 nm pulsed laser. These results indicate that the ZrO2 single crystal is a promising candidate for UV photodetectors.