河南省域土地利用构成组分多样性的特征

选取河南省域为研究区,利用RS(Remote Sensing)技术对18个省辖市土地利用的遥感影像数据进行处理,得到监督分类结果,运用GIS(Geographic Information System)技术对监督分类结果进行分析,并用经典的土壤构成组分多样性算法计算丰富度指数S、多样性指数H'和均匀度指数E。结果表明,各省辖市6种土地利用类型均匀度指数的范围为[0.265,0.647],济源市各土地利用类型分布最为均匀,周口市分布较为集中,均匀度最低。再将6种土地利用类型分别与均匀度指数E拟合函数进行分析,得出平均决定系数R^2的范围是[0.180,0.894],耕地与均匀度指数的拟合程度最高,而城镇建筑用地与均匀度指数的拟合效果最低;用6种土地利用类型分别与均匀度指数做相关分析,得出耕地和林地与均匀度指数的相关系数较高,城镇建筑用地与均匀度指数的相关系数最低,这与拟合函数分析的结果基本一致,说明耕地分布比较均匀而城镇建筑用地分布相对集中。

土壤、土地利用多样性及其与相关景观指数的关联分析

土壤作为人类赖以生存的物质基础,与土地利用之间存在密切联系,土壤类型及属性的差异很大程度上决定了土地利用的方式,同时土地利用方式的不同也间接地改变着土壤类型、性质及功能多样性的格局。在人地矛盾、人与自然矛盾不断加剧的今天,研究土地和土壤的空间分布格局变化及两者之间的交互关系具有重要意义。利用土壤多样性理论和景观生态学原理综合分析土壤、土地利用类型的空间分布格局,并借助空间网格的概念量化分析土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布情况。以河南省中南部样区为研究对象,利用仙农熵变形公式计算了1 km×1 km、3 km×3 km、5 km×5 km 3种网格尺度下的土壤和土地利用的空间分布多样性和各县市的土壤和土地利用构成组分多样性,运用ArcGIS探讨了多样性指数与景观指数之间的关联性,综合评价研究区的土壤类型空间分布与土地利用空间分布格局的相互性。研究表明:同一种土壤和土地利用类型的空间分布多样性指数在异网格尺度下具有相似的分异规律;土地利用与土壤类型的构成组分多样性之间不具有明显的相关性,土壤类型均匀分布的地区,土地利用类型不一定会均匀分布,而两者的平均斑块面积之间具有明显的相关性,土壤斑块的大小对土地利用斑块的大小影响较大,土壤类型的空间分布特征在一定程度上,将影响土地利用的空间分布格局和变化过程;土壤类型的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数分别与土壤空间分布多样性之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数分别为r2=0.990、r2=0.599。而土地利用的面积指数、平均斑块面积指数与土地利用空间分布多样性指数之间的相关性较差,相关系数分别为r2=0.437、r2=0.034。土壤的平均斑块形状指数与多样性指数之间存在一定正相关关系,相关系数为r2=0.612;但土地利用的形状指数与多样性之间具有较好的相关性,相关系数高达r2=0.895。人类活动对土地利用格局的干扰程度比较强烈,而对土壤类型的影响相对较小。

哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种beta多样性格局形成的驱动力

Beta多样性通常指群落在时间和空间上物种组成的差异,包括物种周转组分和物种丰富度差异组分。驱动beta多样性格局形成的生态过程决定了群落的时空动态,然而关于beta多样性及其两个组分格局形成的驱动力还存在较多争议。以往研究表明,beta多样性的格局存在取样尺度的依赖性,驱动其形成的生态过程在不同取样尺度下的相对重要性也随之改变。本研究以哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林20 ha动态监测样地为研究对象,在不同取样尺度上,将样方间的Bray-Curtis指数分解为物种周转组分和物种丰富度差异组分,通过典范冗余分析和方差分解的方法揭示环境过滤和扩散限制对于beta多样性及其两个组分格局形成的相对重要性及其尺度依赖性。结果表明:(1)beta多样性、物种周转组分和物种丰富度差异组分均随取样尺度的增大而减小。在不同取样尺度下,物种周转组分对于beta多样性的贡献始终占主导地位。(2)随着取样尺度的增大,环境过滤驱动beta多样性格局形成的相对重要性逐渐增加,而扩散限制的相对重要性逐渐降低。本研究进一步证实了取样尺度在beta多样性格局形成及其驱动力定量评价中的重要性,今后的研究需要进一步解析上述尺度效应的形成机制。

润滑油污染环境生物修复技术研究进展

废润滑油对环境造成的污染日趋加剧。传统修复技术在处理复杂组分润滑油时难以达到理想的效果,开发环境友好、经济适用的新型生物修复技术已成为润滑油环境污染治理的研究热点。根据润滑油组分多样性的特点,结合污染物在水、土中的迁移特性,论述了生物修复技术的研究现状与进展,剖析了传统修复技术的利弊,指出利用生物、物化等辅助手段的强化修复技术具有修复效率高、处理彻底等优势,是今后生物法治理润滑油环境污染的发展趋势。

Synergistic promotion of HER and OER by alloying ternary Zn‐Co‐Ni nanoparticles in N‐doped carbon interfacial structures

Catalytic water splitting potentially reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and has received intense research attention.Synergy effects in multi‐element transition metal‐based water splitting catalysts have evoked special interests.Studies on catalysts in interfacial structures are especially meaningful due to their pertinence in applications.In this study,we report the synergy effects in promoting catalytic power in the ternary transition metal Zn,Co,Ni alloy nanoparticles that embeds in the carbonized Ppy/CNT multilayered matrix.By comparison with a series of binary or single metal counterparts,the mechanism under the synergy effects are elucidated.Experimental and DFT calculation results indicate that the ternary transition metal catalysts in the N‐doped carbon matrix present special electronic structure,which benefits the reversible transition‐state adsorption in HER and OER and render the catalysts high conductivity in room temperature.We expect our findings inspire further development of efficient transition metal HER and OER catalysts.

Seasonal changes in the demersal nekton community off the Changjiang River estuary

The diversity,community structure and seasonal variation in demersal nekton off the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary was evaluated using monthly trawl survey data,collected between December 2008 and November 2009.A total of 95 species(56 teleosts,11 cephalopods,and 28 decapod crustaceans)from 69 genera,49 families and 15 orders were collected.These species could be classifi ed into six groups on the basis of temporal distribution patterns.The resident crab Ovalipes punctatus dominated the community,both in number and biomass.A clear seasonal succession was observed in the species composition.Cluster analysis revealed three primary seasonal groups corresponding to the samples collected in winter-spring,late spring-summer and late summer-autumn.The highest biomass and lowest diversity were observed in summer,while the lowest biomass and highest diversity in winter.The abundance-biomass comparison curves and community composition suggested that the investigated community was moderately disturbed.The results suggest that reduction in fi shing pressure and in the degree of seasonal hypoxia are essential for sustainable resource management off the Changjiang River estuary.

Inheritance and Development of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Su fan

intangible cultural heritage is an important part of the mankind cultural heritage, which carries the national historical heritage and national identity, and it is the lifeblood of the national culture, it has important cultural value, historical and spiritual values. From the international perspective, heritage and development of intangible cultural heritage has a very important significance for the protection of human cultural diversity.

Biodiversity in the Republic of Macedonia

Status and trends of biodiversity components in Republic of Macedonia are presented in this article. The monitoring of biodiversity components is conducted according to the criteria of SEBI 2010 （Streamlining European 2010 Biodiversity Indicators） for establishment of consistency at global, regional, EU and national indicator level. Two core segments of the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Republic of Macedonia are presented as well as the draft list of biodiversity indicators. Ecosystems and biotopes （presented with plant communities） are explained from which 30 Corine habitat classes are identified for the Republic of Macedonia. The number of endemic and endangered species from different taxonomic groups of vascular plants, fungi, fauna, and Emerald species with European importance are presented. Agro-biodiversity, structure of agriculture land, autochthonic breeds of domestic animals as well as the network of protected areas in Republic of Macedonia are presented. At the end conclusion remarks are given for future necessary activities at national and international level regarding monitoring and conservation of the biodiversity.

Effects of Maize Residue Quality and Soil Water Content on Soil Labile Organic Carbon Fractions and Microbial Properties

Investigating the effects of residue chemical composition on soil labile organic carbon （LOC） will improve our understanding of soil carbon sequestration. The effects of maize residue chemical composition and soil water content on soil LOC fractions and microbial properties were investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment. Maize shoot and root residues were incorporated into soil at 40% and 70% field capacity. The soils were incubated at 20 ℃ for 150 d and destructive sampling was conducted after 15, 75, and 150 d. Respiration, dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, hot-water extractable organic carbon （HEOC）, and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） were recorded, along with cellulase and β-glucosidase activities and community-level physiological profiles. The results showed that the cumulative respiration was lower in root-amended soils than in shoot-amended soils, indicating that root amendment may be beneficial to C retention in soil. No significant differences in the contents of DOG, HEOC and MBC, enzyme activities, and microbial functional diversity were observed between shoot- and root-amended soils. The high soil water content treatment significantly increased the cumulative respiration, DOC and HEOC contents, and enzyme activities compared to the low soil water content treatment. However, the soil water content treatments had little influence on the MBC content and microbial functional diversity. There were significantly positive correlations between LOC fractions and soil microbial properties. These results indicated that the chemical composition of maize residues had little influence on the DOC, HEOC, and MBC contents, enzyme activities, and microbial functional diversity, while soil water content could significantly influence DOC and HEOC contents and enzyme activities.

Mineral weathering and element cycling in soil-microorganism-plant system

Soil is an essential part of the critical zone,and soil-microbe-plant system serves as a key link among lithosphere,biosphere,atmosphere and hydrosphere.As one of the habitats with the richest biodiversity,soil plays a critical role in element biogeochemistry on the earth surface(weathered crust).Here we review the soil biological processes that are relevant to mineral weathering,element cycling,and transformation,with an emphasis on rock weathering mediated by soil microbes,plant root and the rhizosphere.