玉米秸秆腐解过程物质组成以及胡敏酸的动态变化Ⅱ胡敏酸性质及组成变异

通过腐解试验 ,对玉米秸秆腐解过程腐殖物质中胡敏酸与富里酸的比值 ( H/F)、胡敏酸的性质、组成变化进行了研究。结果表明 ,在腐解的前期 ( 0 d～ 90 d) ,随腐解进行 ,H/F增大 ,胡敏酸酚羟基含量较高 ,羧基含量较低 ,结构较复杂。在腐解的中期 ( 90 d～ 2 1 0d) ,H/F减小 ,胡敏酸结构趋于简单 ,羧基含量明显增加 ,酚羟基含量明显下降。在腐解后期( 2 1 0 d～ 360 d) ,H/F增大 ,胡敏酸结构趋于复杂 ,羧基和酚羟基的变化趋缓。玉米秸秆腐解形成胡敏酸以组分 5、4、3为主 ,组分 1、2为次 ,不同组分随腐解时间变化趋势不同 ,胡敏酸性质及其组分的变化证实胡敏酸的形成前期以木质素衍生为主 。

1982～1990年湛江港鼠类数量变动种群组成变异与群落演替及其原因分析

本文介绍了湛江港1982～1990年鼠类数量变动、种群组成变异与群落演替。探讨创建和巩固“无鼠害港”、“卫生港”九年来,褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、黄毛鼠等被大量毒杀后,本港鼠类数量变动、种群组成变异与群落演替的主要特征。褐家鼠种群组成百分比明显减少,黄胸鼠和黄毛鼠也相应降低,板齿鼠已绝迹,而臭鼩鼱的组成比例较大幅度波动,尤其是小家鼠剧增。自1983～1989年一直是本港的优势种。作者对变化原因进行了分析。

杉木遗传变异组成试析

70年代以来,我国杉木遗传改良工作已发生了根本性的变化,不仅在生态造林区已相继选育出了一批速生型的优良家系、优良种源和优良无性系,而且还不同程度地在生产中得到了推广应用,取得了显著的经济效益。近年来,有关杉木多世代育种的探讨已有不少报道,但立论于遗传变异基础上,纵贯从群体到个体,综合多性状变异相关的见解却不多见,其主要原因或许是有意识地设置这方面的试验还显得不足之故。为此。

Low- and Mid-High Latitude Components of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Their Reflecting Variations in Winter Climate over Eastern China

The present study defines a low-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 10 25°N, 105 135°E) and a mid-high-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 30 50°N, 110 125°E) of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which are denoted as EAWM-L and EAWM-M, respectively. The study examines the variation characteristics, reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China, and associated atmospheric circulations corresponding to the two components. The main results are as follows: 1) the EAWM-L and EAWM-M have consistent variation in some years but opposite variations in other years; 2) the EAWM-M index mainly reflects the extensive temperature variability over eastern China, while the EAWM-L index better reflects the variation in winter precipitation over most parts of eastern China; and 3) corresponding to the variation in the EAWM-M index, anomalous winds over the mid-high latitudes of East Asia modulate the southward invasion of cold air from the high latitudes and accordingly affect temperatures over eastern China. In combination with the variation in the EAWM-L index, anomalous low-latitudinal winds regulate the water vapor transport from tropical oceans to eastern China, resulting in anomalous winter precipitation. These pronounced differences between the EAWM-L and the EAWM-M suggest that it is necessary to explore the monsoons' individual features and effects in the EAWM study.

Transcription analysis of peloric mutants of Phalaenopsis orchids derived from tissue culture

Tissue culture has been widely used for mass propagation of Phalaenopsis. However, somaclonal variation occurred during micropropagation process posed a severe problem by affecting product quality. In this study, wild type and peloric flower buds of Phalaenopsis hybrids derived from flower stalk nodal culture were used for cDNA-RAPD and cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization analyses in order to study their genetic difference in terms of expressed sequence tags. A total of 209 ESTs from normal flower buds and 230 from mutants were sequenced. These ESTs sequences can be grouped into several functional categories involved in different cellular processes including metabolism, signal transduction, transcription, cell growth and division, protein synthesis, and protein localization, and into a subcat- egory of proteins with unknown function. Cymbidium mosaic virus transcript was surprisingly found expressed fre- quently in the peloric mutant of P. Little Mary. Real-time RT-PCR analysis on selected ESTs showed that in mutant flower buds, a bZIP transcription factor (TGA1a-like protein) was down-regulated, while up-regulated genes include auxin-regulated protein kinase, cyclophilin, and TCP-like genes. A retroelement clone was also preferentially expressed in the peloric mutant flowers. On the other hand, ESTs involved in DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and post- transcriptional regulation, such as DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase, ERECTA, and DEAD/DEAH RNA helicase, were enriched in normal flower buds than the mutants. The enriched transcripts in the wild type indicate the down regulation of these transcripts in the mutants, and vice versa. The potential roles of the analyzed transcripts in the development of Phalaenopsis flowers are discussed.

Cutting the Gordian knot： Complex signaling in African cichlids is more than multimodal

The active transmission of information from sender to receiver is a fundamental component of communication, and is therefore a primary facet in evolutionary models of sexual selection. Research in several systems has underlined the importance of multiple sensory modalities in courtship signals. However, we still tend to think of individuals as having a relatively static signal in consecutive communicative events. While this may be true for certain traits such as body size or coloration, behaviorally modulated signals can quickly violate this assumption. In this work, we explore how intraspecific variation may be an important component of interspecific signal divergence using cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi. Behavioral analyses were made using six species of Malawian cichlids from two divergent genera. While interspecific differences were found between congeners based on species-level analyses of both acoustic and audiovisual signals, intraspecific variation was of a similar magnitude. Specifically, individual fishes were found to possess highly plastic signal repertoires. This finding was ubiquitous across all species and resuited in a great deal of overlap between heterospecific individuals, despite statistically distinct species means. These results demonstrate that some aspects of courtship in Malawian cichlids are more plastic than previously proposed, and that studies must account for signal variability within individuals. We propose here that behavioral variability in signaling is important in determining the communication landscape on which signals are perceived. We review potential complexity deriving from multimodal signaling, discuss the sources for such lability, and suggest ways in which this issue may be approached experimentally .

Uncertainty Characterization in Remotely Sensed Land Cover Information

Uncertainty characterization has become increasingly recognized as an integral component in thematic mapping based on remotely sensed imagery, and descriptors such as percent correctly classified pixels (PCC) and Kappa coefficients of agreement have been devised as thematic accuracy metrics. However, such spatially averaged measures about accuracy neither offer hints about spatial variation in misclassification, nor are useful for quantifying error margins in derivatives, such as the areal extents of different land cover types and the land cover change statistics. Such limitations originate from the deficiency that spatial dependency is not accommodated in the conventional methods for error analysis. Geostatistics provides a good framework for uncertainty characterization in land cover information. Methods for predicting and propagating misclassification will be described on the basis of indicator samples and covariates, such as spectrally derived posteriori probabilities. An experiment using simulated datasets was carried out to quantify the error in land cover change derived from postclassification comparison. It was found that significant biases result from applying joint probability rules assuming temporal independence between misclassifications across time, thus emphasizing the need for the stochastic simulation in error modeling. Further investigations, incorporating indicators and probabilistic data for mapping and propagating misclassification, are anticipated.