Objective: Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and leukopenia is a common side effect. This study assesses whether chemotherapy-induced leukopenia is a predictor of efficacy and w...Objective: Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and leukopenia is a common side effect. This study assesses whether chemotherapy-induced leukopenia is a predictor of efficacy and whether it is associated with the survival of SCLC patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 445 patients with SCLC who received standard chemotherapy for 4 to 10 cycles. The World Health Organization grading system classifies leukopenia during chemotherapy as follows: absent (grade 0), mild (grades 1 and 2), or severe (grades 3 and 4). The primary endpoint is overall survival (OS). Results: The association between chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and OS was assessed. According to a multivariate Cox model with time-varying covariates, the hazard ratio of death was significantly lower among patients with mild leukopenia than among patients with severe leukopenia at 0.687 (0.506 to 0.943) and 1.414 (1.147 to 1.744), respectively. The median survival was 13 months (95% CI: 11 to 15 months) for patients who did not experience leukopenia, 17 months (95% CI: 14 to 18 months) for those with mild leukopenia, and 14 months (95% CI: 13 to 16 months) for those with severe leukopenia (absent vs. mild vs. severe leukopenia, P=0.047). Conclusion: Leukopenia during chemotherapy is associated with the survival of SCLC patients. Mild leukopenia is strongly associated with longer survival time.展开更多
Objective: Neurological evaluation is commonly applied to identify ischemia in focal cerebral ischemia model though it might not be sensitive. In present study, we hired sleeping time to assess ischemia occurrence. Me...Objective: Neurological evaluation is commonly applied to identify ischemia in focal cerebral ischemia model though it might not be sensitive. In present study, we hired sleeping time to assess ischemia occurrence. Methods: Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital and ketamine anesthesia respectively. Sleeping time was recorded. Neurological evaluation was conducted by modified Bederson’s scoring system at 4 h and histopathological evaluation was performed at 3 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: Slices of brain stained by TTC, H&E and hoechst 33258 revealed extensive lesion in the two ischemic groups. The sensitivity to identify ischemia by neurological evaluation was 62.5%, but it was 81.3% and 80% respectively when evaluating by sleeping time (pentobarbital: ≥90.7 min, ketamine: ≥36.1 min). The sensitivity to identify ischemia by sleeping time was significantly higher than that by neurological evaluation (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that to identify ischemia by sleeping time is a simple and sensitive method in the setting of focal cerebral ischemia in rat.展开更多
The objective of this research is to show a new methodology for modeling phenomena present in complex economic systems. The case study we analyzed is the adoption of open organization model among firms operating in a ...The objective of this research is to show a new methodology for modeling phenomena present in complex economic systems. The case study we analyzed is the adoption of open organization model among firms operating in a particular industry. A firm with an open system model creates and captures value taking advantage not only from the internal resource but also from external. The organization could approach to open model acquisition using different focus： external focus namely looking out of its boundary, acting and reacting to competitor innovation, costumers＇ changing, demand growth, or internal focus remaining inside its boundary improving its best capabilities ignoring what happened outside （Vagnani, Moran, ＆ Simoni, 2010）. The actors involved are firms, customers and suppliers linked together through a business to business model. The methodology is based on an Object-Oriented Analysis Field Model that allows to intuitively describe systems characterized by a large number of objects that interact, as in this case of a system composed by different organizational entities. The system simulation allows to analyze how the actors influence the acquisition and diffusion of the open organization model. This approach permits the generation of different classes of objects to represent all actors involved in the evolution of the system and to define the dynamics that determine their interaction. The solution of the model can be approximated using the Mean-Field analysis technique （Kurtz, 1978）, following the results proposed in Bobbio, Gribaudo, and Yelek （2008）. A qualitative result is illustrated in order to show the applicability of the proposed methodology and to emphasize its relevant features： flexible modeling approach, capacity of solving complex systems and output management facilities. The presented model is comprehensive and its scope is wide; it could be used to study the behavior of enterprises changing model in many different scenarios and situations. In future works quantitative results will be given, and different situations will be analyzed.展开更多
Both the OECD and the WTO have accumulated systematic data on the magnitude of support going to farmers as a result of farm policies. The datasets are collected for different purposes, but both give a detailed picture...Both the OECD and the WTO have accumulated systematic data on the magnitude of support going to farmers as a result of farm policies. The datasets are collected for different purposes, but both give a detailed picture of the evolution of these policies. This paper extends recent work on the compatibility or otherwise of the two attempts at policy monitoring by considering the categorization of individual policy instruments in Norway, Switzerland, the US, and the EU. The results show how the OECD dataset, particularly with respect to the link between direct payments and production requirements, complements that of the WTO. Many payments classified in the WTO Green Box require production, raising the possibility that they may distort production and trade. Though the issue of correct notifications to the WTO is the province of lawyers, the implications for modeling and policy analysis are of interest to economists, and the broader question of improving the consistency of the two datasets is of importance in the quest for transparency in the interpretation of changes in farm policies.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Problem Tackling Project for Cancer Therapy, China (Grant No. 12ZCDZSY15600)
文摘Objective: Chemotherapy is the standard treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), and leukopenia is a common side effect. This study assesses whether chemotherapy-induced leukopenia is a predictor of efficacy and whether it is associated with the survival of SCLC patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 445 patients with SCLC who received standard chemotherapy for 4 to 10 cycles. The World Health Organization grading system classifies leukopenia during chemotherapy as follows: absent (grade 0), mild (grades 1 and 2), or severe (grades 3 and 4). The primary endpoint is overall survival (OS). Results: The association between chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and OS was assessed. According to a multivariate Cox model with time-varying covariates, the hazard ratio of death was significantly lower among patients with mild leukopenia than among patients with severe leukopenia at 0.687 (0.506 to 0.943) and 1.414 (1.147 to 1.744), respectively. The median survival was 13 months (95% CI: 11 to 15 months) for patients who did not experience leukopenia, 17 months (95% CI: 14 to 18 months) for those with mild leukopenia, and 14 months (95% CI: 13 to 16 months) for those with severe leukopenia (absent vs. mild vs. severe leukopenia, P=0.047). Conclusion: Leukopenia during chemotherapy is associated with the survival of SCLC patients. Mild leukopenia is strongly associated with longer survival time.
文摘Objective: Neurological evaluation is commonly applied to identify ischemia in focal cerebral ischemia model though it might not be sensitive. In present study, we hired sleeping time to assess ischemia occurrence. Methods: Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats under pentobarbital and ketamine anesthesia respectively. Sleeping time was recorded. Neurological evaluation was conducted by modified Bederson’s scoring system at 4 h and histopathological evaluation was performed at 3 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results: Slices of brain stained by TTC, H&E and hoechst 33258 revealed extensive lesion in the two ischemic groups. The sensitivity to identify ischemia by neurological evaluation was 62.5%, but it was 81.3% and 80% respectively when evaluating by sleeping time (pentobarbital: ≥90.7 min, ketamine: ≥36.1 min). The sensitivity to identify ischemia by sleeping time was significantly higher than that by neurological evaluation (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggested that to identify ischemia by sleeping time is a simple and sensitive method in the setting of focal cerebral ischemia in rat.
文摘The objective of this research is to show a new methodology for modeling phenomena present in complex economic systems. The case study we analyzed is the adoption of open organization model among firms operating in a particular industry. A firm with an open system model creates and captures value taking advantage not only from the internal resource but also from external. The organization could approach to open model acquisition using different focus： external focus namely looking out of its boundary, acting and reacting to competitor innovation, costumers＇ changing, demand growth, or internal focus remaining inside its boundary improving its best capabilities ignoring what happened outside （Vagnani, Moran, ＆ Simoni, 2010）. The actors involved are firms, customers and suppliers linked together through a business to business model. The methodology is based on an Object-Oriented Analysis Field Model that allows to intuitively describe systems characterized by a large number of objects that interact, as in this case of a system composed by different organizational entities. The system simulation allows to analyze how the actors influence the acquisition and diffusion of the open organization model. This approach permits the generation of different classes of objects to represent all actors involved in the evolution of the system and to define the dynamics that determine their interaction. The solution of the model can be approximated using the Mean-Field analysis technique （Kurtz, 1978）, following the results proposed in Bobbio, Gribaudo, and Yelek （2008）. A qualitative result is illustrated in order to show the applicability of the proposed methodology and to emphasize its relevant features： flexible modeling approach, capacity of solving complex systems and output management facilities. The presented model is comprehensive and its scope is wide; it could be used to study the behavior of enterprises changing model in many different scenarios and situations. In future works quantitative results will be given, and different situations will be analyzed.
文摘Both the OECD and the WTO have accumulated systematic data on the magnitude of support going to farmers as a result of farm policies. The datasets are collected for different purposes, but both give a detailed picture of the evolution of these policies. This paper extends recent work on the compatibility or otherwise of the two attempts at policy monitoring by considering the categorization of individual policy instruments in Norway, Switzerland, the US, and the EU. The results show how the OECD dataset, particularly with respect to the link between direct payments and production requirements, complements that of the WTO. Many payments classified in the WTO Green Box require production, raising the possibility that they may distort production and trade. Though the issue of correct notifications to the WTO is the province of lawyers, the implications for modeling and policy analysis are of interest to economists, and the broader question of improving the consistency of the two datasets is of importance in the quest for transparency in the interpretation of changes in farm policies.
