探索非营利博物馆的运营方式——以中国国家博物馆为例

博物馆作为非营利机构,其运营方式引起社会广泛关注。虽然主旨非营利,但经济收入依然重要。除政府和民间资助外,探索博物馆的多元经济来源,如推动文创开发,能增强其活力,提升文化传播质量。同时,创新展览手段,如数字技术融合应用,从可持续发展角度拓展博物馆的发展潜力。本文以中国国家博物馆为例,分析其运营和创新实践,旨在为其他博物馆提供借鉴。

日本村落营农组织发展动因及展开可能性分析

日本村落营农组织在解决农业小规模经营、兼业化、劳动力高龄化问题方面具有独特优势,在维持村落农业和村落机能方面发挥着重要作用。通过回归分析得出,经营所得安定对策及农业村落数对村落营农组织发展有着显著的影响。村落营农组织有助于增加农户收入、减少劳动时间、降低生产成本,效果明显,具有进一步展开的可能性,也为我国解决农业小规模、劳动力高龄化问题,提高农业经营效率,提供了一种可选模式。

中国供给侧改革中农民合作社发展对策探析——基于日本村落营农组织的实践经验

农民合作社是农业供给侧结构性改革的核心主体,引导合作社健康有序发展具有重要现实意义。日本农民合作组织——村落营农组织在良好的制度安排下有序运行,已成为推动农业生产发展、维护农村社会稳定的重要主体之一。本文基于日本村落营农组织和中国农民合作社在功能及组织特性上的共通性,在考察日本村落营农组织发展历史的基础上,探究了其在运行机制、制度安排方面的实践经验,论述了其功能,并提出了对中国供给侧改革中促进农民合作社发展的启示。

北海道农业的发展历程与人口减少带来的挑战及其应对

20世纪60年代,日本农业主要由拥有小规模土地的家庭经营。为了实现农业结构现代化,日本政府计划通过转让农地所有权的方式扩大农业规模。然而农业用地价格的高涨使得日本整体农业规模扩大的目标未能实现,除北海道外,大部分地区依然停留在小规模兼业农户水平。在北海道,农业用地价格虽有增长,但其涨幅没有超过收益还原法估算的农业用地定价;土地改革等相关政策的实施,为农业机械的高效利用提供了支持;制造业发展滞后,农民难以在其他行业兼职。这些都为北海道的土地利用型农业规模的扩大起到了促进作用。今天,集落营农组织和股份公司等法人经营者一方面接收来自脱离农业家庭的土地,一方面增加租用农田,在农业领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,政府期望这样的经营者承担今后日本粮食的供应。北海道农业仍以家庭经营为主,法人经营者虽有所增加,但其一半以上本质上仍是家庭式经营,它们企业式的管理能力不断提高,以自有土地为主。家庭经营因其具有目标共有、便于协调和分配劳动等方面的优势,显示了家族经营固有的韧性。今天,北海道与日本其他地区同样,面临着农村人口减少、资源和能源成本迅速上升等问题,农业的可持续发展面临巨大挑战。因此,我们有必要通过普及智慧农业技术等方式进一步提高生产率,利用有机物循环防止土壤退化,推进生物质发电等措施以应对全球气候变暖等问题。

The Study on Innovation Model Characteristics and Function Enhancement of “Leading Grain Enterprises+Farmers” in New Circumstances——an Investigation and Analysis on Major Grainproducing Areas in Hubei Province

ln the context of comprehensively deepening the reform, and integration of three The first, second and third industry sectors in rural areas, the research took major grain-producing areas in Hubei as an example, analyzed dominant grain in-dustrialization models “leading grain enterprises＋farmers”, and revealed its character-istics, advantages, and approaches for function reinforcement. The research is so meaningful, practical y or in future.

Silicon limitation on primary production and its destiny in Jiaozhou Bay, China Ⅷ: The variation of atmospheric carbon caused by both phytoplankton and human

Statistical analysis on data collected in the Jiaozhou Bay (Shandong, China) from May 1991 to February 1994 and those collected in Hawaii from March 1958 to December 2007 shows dynamic and cyclic changes in atmospheric carbon in the Northern Pacific Ocean (NPO), as well as the variation in space-time distribution of phytoplankton primary production and atmospheric carbon in the study regions. The study indicates that the human beings have imposed an important impact on the changing trends of the atmospheric carbon. Primary production in the Jiaozhou Bay presents a good example in this regard. In this paper, dynamic models of the atmospheric carbon in the NPO, the cyclic variations in the atmospheric carbon, and primary production in the Jiaozhou Bay are studied with simulation curves presented. A set of equations were established that able to calculate the rate and acceleration of increasing carbon discharged anthropologically into the atmosphere and the conversion rate of phytoplankton to atmospheric carbon. Our calculation shows that the amount of atmospheric carbon absorbed by one unit of primary production in the Jiaozhou Bay is (3.21–9.74)×10-9/(mgC·m-2d-1), and the amount of primary production consumed by a unit of atmospheric carbon is 102.66–311.52 (mgC·m-2d-1/10-6). Therefore, we consider that the variation of atmospheric carbon is a dynamic process controlled by the increase of carbon compound and its cyclic variation, and those from anthropologic discharge, and phytoplankton growth.

Annual Reports of Non-profit Organizations （NPOs）： An Analysis

Non-profit organizations （NPOs） in Malaysia are not subjected to statutory requirement to follow the accounting standards when preparing their annual reports. This study analyzed the annual reports of 100 NPOs registered with the Registry of Society （ROS） under the charity and religious categories. The objectives of this study are： （1） to determine the current state of reporting practices by NPOs; and （2） to describe the contents of a set of annual reports and the financial statement presentation of NPOs. This study found that there were variations in reporting practices among the charity and religious categories of NPOs. On average, the results show that NPOs do not focus on the disclosing information required by the ROS, the governing body of NPOs. This indicates that the regulators need to strongly practice enforcement to strengthen the compliance of the annual reports submission. Overall, the findings of this study provide useful information to regulators as a basis for preparing and presenting NPOs＇ annual report framework in the future.

Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of the Muscle Tissue of Yellowback Seabream, Evynnis Tumifrons, from the East China Sea

Biochemical composition and nutritional value of muscle tissue of wild-caught yellowback seabream （Evynnis tumifrons） from the East China Sea were determined. The yellowback seabream muscle contained 18.30% crude protein and 0.47% crude lipid. The contents of biochemical, moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were analyzed using AOAC standard methods. The compositions and contents of amino-acid and fatty-acid were determined by Amino Acid 20 Analyzer and Agilent 6890 Gas Chromatograph. The total essential amino acids （EAA; those required by humans） accounts for 46.96% of the total amino acids in E. tumifrons, higher than FAO/WHO standard but lower than whole-egg protein standard. In E. tumifrons, the first limiting amino acids were threonine （Thr）, based on amino acid score （AAS）, and methionine （Met） and cysteine （Cys）, based on chemical score （CS）. A total of 19 fatty acids were identified; together, eicosapentaenoic acid （EPA） and docosahexaenoic acid （DHA） contributed 22.65% of the total fatty-acid content, with 17.25% from DHA. The nutritional-requirement characteristics of this fish, which tumifrons mariculture. composition data provided useful information on the food quality and may facilitate the development of appropriate feed formulation in E.

Decision-Making in a Governmental Healthcare Organization by Analytic Hierarchy Process

This paper contains research on strategic decision-making in a local government. In a profit-oriented organization, the option that maximizes profits tends involve reaching an agreement between stakeholders. However, there is tendency for stakeholders to differ in their beliefs as to what is desirable particularly in a non-profit organization. In a local government, it is especially difficult for the interests of a stakeholder group to be completely in agreement. This research considers the use of the analytical hierarchy process （Saaty, 1971） as a solution for one of the difficulties of decision-making in a local government. This research is a case study to explore the strategy of a local Japanese healthcare management organization. The conclusion was drawn to decide which strategic option should be taken by using the analytical hierarchy process. Also, it was found what to work on a countermeasure that prevents the negative effects that are generated by selecting the strategic option.

Marketing as Innovation Strategy in Non Profit Sector in China： The Network of Influence ＂Guanxi＂

In a globalized world, not only the business market is overlapped but also marketing models take shape within economic systems. While there has been a proliferation in the implementation of marketing in the private sector, this paper provides a useful entry point for the understanding role of marketing within the nonprofit sector focused on China, the second worldwide economic power. A number of senior managers and directors from different Non-Governmental Organizations （NGOs） were interviewed of what they understood marketing to be and how they considered and implemented marketing within organizational strategy. The findings showed that while marketing was identified as an interesting and influential concept, Chinese nonprofit managers generally had a limited understanding of a marketing theory. The article further discusses reasons behind the dynamic based on personalized networks of influence used and the potential implications for nonprofit entities in China, a sector that plays a very noteworthy role in transformative economies.

Partners selection of VE based on the organizational field

VE organizational field is a management meaning field formed by the mutual action of resources element.It studies leader and partners in VE as a system,and founds the affiliation among them by the relation of resources.It describes candidate partner enterprise's inner trait and exterior trait by quality parameter and exterior parameter,then analyzes and evaluates them.It combines the qualitative variable and quantitative variable to evaluate the candidate enterprises.It integrates static and dynamic method to help the VE leader to choose partner,which is good for the whole alliance.

Web content analysis of agricultural cooperatives located in Turkey

After the appearance of the globalization process post of 1980＇s, world has becaming a big village, that had been brought many important outcomes related with cooperatives which are aimed to emit the capital to the base. These conditions have been forced the movement to adopt themselves to this process vitally. As of year 2007, there are 26 several types of cooperatives with 90.086 unit cooperatives which have total number of 8,561.618 partners that are all dependent to Turkish cooperative association as well as Ministry of Industry and Commerce. In this study, the web sites of Turkish agricultural cooperatives were examined in terms of their contents. Also, it is tried to find out the sufficiency level of their electronic marketing activities. Within the context of this study, web sites of 5 agricultural cooperatives are examined in terms of their design.

Organisational Hierarchies and Decision Making Process of Chinese Multinational Enterprises in Vietnam

This paper examines the organisational hierarchies and decision making processes of two Chinese multinational enterprises operating in Vietnam—hina Luoyang Floating Glass Corp. （CLFG） and China TCL Holdings Co. Ltd. （TCL）. For this study, research data were obtained from in-depth interviews of more than 20 government officials in E R. China and Vietnam, and managers and staff of those two enterprises. Results indicate that the organisational structures of the two enterprises are still vertical but complex, although moderate changes made to them post the nationwide economic reform of China. Consequently, decision making process follows a ＂top-down＂ model, sometimes, with insufficient grassroots information. Findings are discussed in the light of political, social and cultural milieu, and implications are drawn for the management of Chinese multinational enterprises operating in overseas markets. Both CLFG and China TCL are structured on task specialisations. However, departmentalisation in TCL＇s overseas division in head office is not only based on products, but also on geographical regions of markets. The organisational structure of TCL in Vietnam is less complex than the international division, but it is more centralised. Decision making at TCL combines more traditional Chinese business philosophy with modern western organisational characteristics. TCL has a strong western influence in its management style. However, some traditional characteristics such as ＂hero＂ leadership influence and political influence are involved with decision making at TCL. Amongst others, the transitional economy, social culture, poor management system and political sensitivity have been major elements influencing decision making. In the case of CLFG. some decisions have been made before proper information has been gathered and analysed.

Market orientation for the hotel segment： The Portuguese case

In view of the importance of the hotel segment for the tourism and for the economy of countries such as Portugal, the objective of this study was to measure the level of orientation for the market of the largest hotel groups of Portugal. This investigation initially emphasized the importance of the marketing for the organizations, mainly the orientation for the market. After a brief explanation on the hotel segment in Portugal, an empirical study was presented, of quantitative, exploratory and traversal character, performed with the largest groups of 20 hotels of Portugal, using as an instrument of collection data, the traditional Markor scale （market orientation） adapted to the hotel sector. After analyzing the data, it was found in the investigated organizations that a good capacity to generate market information and response to the market, which formed two of the three constructs of Markor scale. However the results obtained with the construct of the dissemination of market information were below the expectations. It was possible to conclude that marketing professionals of the large hotel groups in Portugal are well oriented to the market, something not shared by other investigated departments of the hotels. So the current challenge for the main networks of hotels in Portugal is to improve the internal dissemination of information that marketing professionals gathered at the market.

Seafarers＇ Current Awareness, Knowledge, Motivation and Ideas towards Low Carbon-Energy Efficient Operations

International and national concern about detrimental climate change has generated pressure for the shipping industry to play its＇ role in reducing the 3.3% of global carbon emission it emits. On the 1st January, 2013, the IMO （International Maritime Organisation） enforced regulations to support the reduction of shipping carbon emissions by improving energy efficiency. These measures directly and indirectly affect the daily operations of seafarers and onshore performance and managerial personnel. Whilst the industry has made efforts to raise the awareness of many stakeholders and research has been undertaken to investigate energy efficiency barriers, little has been done to capture the opinions, needs and knowledge of seafarers. A questionnaire was distributed in the last quarter of 2011 to investigate seafarers＇ awareness, knowledge and motivation towards carbon emissions in general and towards shipping carbon emissions. It also investigated opinions as to which personnel have the most influence over carbon reductions and what are the most important operational improvements that can be made. The authors have collected 317 questionnaire responses. The primary benefit of this study is to support the identification of an operational strategy to improve energy efficiency, including the development of LC-EE （low carbon-energy efficiency） MET （maritime education and training）, which is shown to be needed.

Putting Organizational Culture Into the BSC In China

As a useful tool of performance measurement, the balanced scorecard has been developed and applied in the West for more than 20 years. The balanced scorecard was introduced in China at the turn of the millennium and is widely used in profit and non-profit organizations, but the outcome is not very well. This paper is based on cases analysis and lecture study,. Tsingtao Brewery＇s situations of the application of BSC. The innovation of the paper attempts to make up a comprehensive dinaensions, which emphasizes cultural factors.

Research on the influence of the public service advertising appeals to the individual＇s pro-social behavior tendency

At present, from the aspect of promoting consumers＇ pro-social consumption behaviors, the public service ads has a clearly insufficient persuasive problem. In order to make a theoretical explanation and provide suggestions for this phenomenon, this article compares the effect of different orientations of public service ads＇ appeals on the tendency of individual＇ s pro-social consumption behaviors experiment. The experimental results prove that comparatively speaking, altruism orientation of public service ads＇ appeals can make the individual to produce higher levels of pro-social consumption behaviors. Based on the above research results, the author respectively puts forward some advices about public service ads for the management of profit and non-profit organizations.

Measuring Social Capital Linkage： The Role of the State-Based Voluntary Professional Association

This paper discusses the nature of the Australian bus and coach representative environment and the role of the state-based voluntary professional association （SBVPA）. A literature review associated with memberships to which businesses subscribe for representation and linking social capital is presented, as well as a discussion on agency theory that possibly explains the member/association dynamic. The results of an Australia-wide survey of bus operators, which measures the extent of linking social capital between themselves and their SBVPA, are revealed. It is found that one state with consistently higher results may possess a competitive advantage in the form of a partnership agreement with the State Government Authority--an agreement that rests on co-operation and facilitates social capital. This evidence could contribute to the global narrative on how non-profit associations can be a mechanism for institutionalising social capital, sustain a firm＇s operation and encourage governments to increase their use of non-profit associations, as agents of government, to achieve public policy outcomes.