2018年度美国拉斯克奖获奖者名单公布。基础医学研究奖由洛克菲勒大学(Rockefeller University)的分子生物学家戴维·阿利斯(C.David Allis)和加州大学洛杉矶分校(The University of California,Los Angeles)的生物化学家迈克尔...2018年度美国拉斯克奖获奖者名单公布。基础医学研究奖由洛克菲勒大学(Rockefeller University)的分子生物学家戴维·阿利斯(C.David Allis)和加州大学洛杉矶分校(The University of California,Los Angeles)的生物化学家迈克尔·格伦斯坦(Michael Grunstein)分享。两位学者发现并阐明了影响基因表达过程的组蛋白化学修饰机制,揭开了基因表达的隐秘控制层,从而开辟了现代表观遗传学的研究新领域。本次拉斯克医学特殊成就奖颁发给耶鲁大学(Yale University)的分子生物学与生物化学家琼·斯特恩兹(Joan A.Steitz),以表彰她在生物医学领域,特别是RNA生物学研究中卓越的领导才能和榜样作用。展开更多
G-enomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that produces functional differences between the paternal and mammal genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth. There are a number of genes ...G-enomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that produces functional differences between the paternal and mammal genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth. There are a number of genes in our genomes that are subject to genomic imprinting where one parent＇s copy of the gene is expressed while the other is silent. Silencing of one allele predetermines that any function ascribed to that gene are now dependant on the single active copy. Possession of only a single active allele can lead to deleterious health consequences in humans. If imprinted genes are crucial in mammalian development, one would also expect mutations in these genes to cause diseases. Since imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism, mistakes in maintaining epigenetic mark also cause imprinting disorders. Here we in this review focus on the current understanding of this unique genetic mechanism more than two decades after the first description of the imprinting phenomenon was given by McGrath and Solter. Although the possible molecular mechanisms by which imprinting is imposed and maintained are being identified, we have a long way to go in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of these oddly behaving genes, the function of imprinting and the evolution. Post genomic technologies might ultimately lead to a better understanding of the ＇imprinting effects＇.展开更多
Apoptosis,or programmed cell death,is a complex,genetically-determined process involved in the development and maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms.Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a ...Apoptosis,or programmed cell death,is a complex,genetically-determined process involved in the development and maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms.Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a number of diseases,including cancer and autoimmune disease.Thus,the investigation of apoptotic regulation has evoked considerable interest.Many apoptotic proteins have been shown to be post-translationally modulated,such as by protein cleavage,translocation,protein-protein interaction,and various post-translational modifications,which fall precisely within the range of proteomic analysis.Recently,contemporary proteomic technologies have achieved significant advances and have accelerated research in functional and chemical proteomics,which have been applied to the field of apoptosis research and have the potential to be a driving force for the field.This review highlights some of the major achievements in the application of proteomics in apoptosis research and discusses new directions and challenges for the near future.展开更多
文摘2018年度美国拉斯克奖获奖者名单公布。基础医学研究奖由洛克菲勒大学(Rockefeller University)的分子生物学家戴维·阿利斯(C.David Allis)和加州大学洛杉矶分校(The University of California,Los Angeles)的生物化学家迈克尔·格伦斯坦(Michael Grunstein)分享。两位学者发现并阐明了影响基因表达过程的组蛋白化学修饰机制,揭开了基因表达的隐秘控制层,从而开辟了现代表观遗传学的研究新领域。本次拉斯克医学特殊成就奖颁发给耶鲁大学(Yale University)的分子生物学与生物化学家琼·斯特恩兹(Joan A.Steitz),以表彰她在生物医学领域,特别是RNA生物学研究中卓越的领导才能和榜样作用。
文摘G-enomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that produces functional differences between the paternal and mammal genomes and plays an essential role in mammalian development and growth. There are a number of genes in our genomes that are subject to genomic imprinting where one parent＇s copy of the gene is expressed while the other is silent. Silencing of one allele predetermines that any function ascribed to that gene are now dependant on the single active copy. Possession of only a single active allele can lead to deleterious health consequences in humans. If imprinted genes are crucial in mammalian development, one would also expect mutations in these genes to cause diseases. Since imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism, mistakes in maintaining epigenetic mark also cause imprinting disorders. Here we in this review focus on the current understanding of this unique genetic mechanism more than two decades after the first description of the imprinting phenomenon was given by McGrath and Solter. Although the possible molecular mechanisms by which imprinting is imposed and maintained are being identified, we have a long way to go in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the expression of these oddly behaving genes, the function of imprinting and the evolution. Post genomic technologies might ultimately lead to a better understanding of the ＇imprinting effects＇.
基金supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Nos. 2006CB910104,2006AAZ105 and 2009CB918404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 30630034,90813034 and 81071668)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(Grant Nos. 08JC1413700 and 07QA14041)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No. E09013)
文摘Apoptosis,or programmed cell death,is a complex,genetically-determined process involved in the development and maintenance of homeostasis in multicellular organisms.Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a number of diseases,including cancer and autoimmune disease.Thus,the investigation of apoptotic regulation has evoked considerable interest.Many apoptotic proteins have been shown to be post-translationally modulated,such as by protein cleavage,translocation,protein-protein interaction,and various post-translational modifications,which fall precisely within the range of proteomic analysis.Recently,contemporary proteomic technologies have achieved significant advances and have accelerated research in functional and chemical proteomics,which have been applied to the field of apoptosis research and have the potential to be a driving force for the field.This review highlights some of the major achievements in the application of proteomics in apoptosis research and discusses new directions and challenges for the near future.
