雪花牛肉大理石花纹粗糙度和细密度的测定

通过对高端雪花牛肉大理石花纹中有效切面面积、脂肪数量、脂肪含量、脂肪平均面积等检测分析,提出用粗糙度和细密度来定量描述脂肪的分布特征。以雪花牛肉图像为研究对象,通过图像分割得到大理石花纹的二值图像,标定二值图像里每一块脂肪的大小、位置,计算图像的粗糙度和细密度。结果表明:细密度和粗糙度两个指标能够反映脂肪的分布特征,在脂肪含量一定的情况下,细密度大、粗糙度小的牛肉其脂肪分布更均匀,并且两个指标能够跟随雪花牛肉大理石花纹脂肪含量的变化而变化。

亚麻纤维线密度与直径回归相关模型的构建及验证

为建立一种快速有效的亚麻纤维线密度测试方法,采用传统中段称重法获得亚麻纤维线密度(ρL),用直径显微图像仪测出纤维直径(d),经统计软件分析二者的相关性,拟合出6个回归模型。其中最优回归方程为ρL=6.29+0.004×d2,相关系数r=0.801**,表明亚麻纤维直径和纤维线密度间具有较好的相关性。F-检验和T-检验证明该方法与传统中段称重法差异不显著。实验结果表明该方法具有比较好的精密度、重现性和再现性。因此通过显微图像仪测试纤维直径,再经过存储在主机上回归方程的换算,可同步实现亚麻纤维线密度的自动化快速检测。

用于纹理探测的磁致伸缩触觉传感器

为了实现对不同物体表面微观结构的检测,并判断出不同物体的粗糙度和细密度,利用铁镓合金材料(Galfenol)的逆磁致伸缩效应设计并制作了一种高精度和高响应的纹理探测触觉传感器。基于欧拉-伯努利梁结构动力学理论、磁致伸缩材料线性本构方程和法拉第电磁感应定律建立了纹理表面微观结构与输出电压之间的关系。实验结果表明:在粗糙度大于6.5的范围内,传感器可以精确识别物体的粗糙度;在细密度大于6的范围内,提取谐波频率的方法对细密度的识别具有较高的灵敏度;在细密度小于6的范围内,提取功率谱重心的方法对细密度的识别具有较高的灵敏度。因此,利用传感器获得的信号,通过特征值提取可以表征物体的粗糙-光滑、稀疏-细密属性。

Evaluation of Productivity and Light Quality in Two High Density Dwarf Rootstock Apple Orchards in Central China

[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.

Pigment characterization for the 2011 bloom in Qinhuangdao implicated "brown tide" events in China

A large-scale bloom occurred from May to June in 2011 in sea area near Qinhuangdao of the Bohai Sea, leading to huge damage of the scallop culture industry. Similar blooms have been observed in this region for three years. The causative species of the bloom, which dominated the phytoplankton community with the maximum cell density around 109 cell/L, could not be identified with morphological features due to the small cell size （-2 μm）. A pigment analytical method was then adopted to analyze the pigment profile of the phytoplankton samples collected from the blooming sea area. It was found that pico-sized （〈2 μm）, nano-sized （2-20 μm）, and bulk phytoplankton samples had similar pigment profile, representing the pigment signature of the bloom-causative species. The major pigments detected included 19-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin （But-fuco）, fucoxanthin （Fuco）, diadinoxanthin （Diad） and chlorophyll a （Chl a）, and high content of But-fuco was the most significant characteristics of the phytoplankton samples. Based on the pigment composition and content, the bloom-causative species could be tentatively identified as pelagophyte, ＂type 8＂ group of haptophyte, or silicoflagellate. Some unique features of the bloom, such as the extremely high cell density, small-sized and But-fuco containing cells, occurring in early summer, and the feeding-cessation effects on scallops, suggest it be a ＂brown tide＂ event similar to those reported in the east coast of the United States of America. The recurrent ＂brown tide＂ events and their dramatic impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry in QirLhuangdao need close attention in the coming years.

Mast cell density and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185,estrogen receptor,and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in gastric carcinoma

AIM:To investigate the relationship between the mast cell density(MCD)and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185,estrogen receptor(ER), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in gastric carcinoma. METHODS:Mast cell,p185,ER,and PCNA were detected using immunohistochemical S-P labeling method.Mast cell was counted in tissue of gastric carcinoma and regional lymph nodes respectively,and involved lymph nodes(ILN)were examined as usual. RESULTS:MCD was significantly related to both age and depth of penetration(x^2=4.688,P<0.05 for age and x^2=9.350, P<0.01 for depth of penetration)between MCD>21/0.03 mm^2 and MCD≤21/0.03 mm^2 in 100 patients;MCD in 1-6 ILN group patients was significantly higher than that in 7-15 ILN or>15 ILN group patients(u=6.881,8.055,P<0.01); There were significant differences intergroup in positive expression rate of p185,ER and PCNA between MCD>21/ 0.03 mm^2 and MCD≤21/0.03 mm^2 in 100 patients. CONCLUSION:Mast cell may have effect on inhibiting invasive growth of tumor,especially in the aged patients; The number of mast cells,in certain degree,may predicate the number of involved lymph nodes,which is valuable for assessment of prognosis;MCD was related to the expression of p185,ER,and PCNA in gastric carcinoma.It suggests that mast cell accumulation may inhibit the proliferation and the dissemination of the gastric carcinoma. INTRODUCTION Recently,many studies have reported on the association of mast cell with various tumorst.In several malignancies,mast cell has been found to correlate with growth,penetration and prognosis of tumor.Therefore,our study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the mast cell density (MCD)and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p 185,estrogen receptor(ER),and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in gastric carcinoma.

Physical and chemical processes promoting dominance of the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii

The freshwater cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii （Woloszyflska） Seenayya and Subba Raju is a common species in lakes and reservoirs globally. In some areas of the world it can produce cytoand hepatotoxins （cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins）, making blooms of this species a serious health concern for humans. In the last 10 15 years, there has been a considerable body of research conducted on the ecology, physiology and toxin production of this species and this paper reviews these studies with a focus on the cylindrospermopsin （CYN）-producing strains. C. raciborskii has low light requirements, close to neutral buoyancy, and a wide temperature tolerance, giving it the capacity to grow in many lentic waterbodies. It also has a flexible strategy with respect to nitrogen （N） utilisation; being able to switch between utilising fixed and atmospheric N as sources of N fluctuate. Additionally this species has a high phosphate （DIP） affinity and storage capacity. Like many cyanobacteria, it also has the capacity to use dissolved organic phosphorus （DOP）. Changes in nutrient concentrations, light levels and temperature have also been found to affect production of the toxin CYN by this species. However, optimal toxin production does not necessarily occur when growth rates are optimal. Additionally, different strains of C. raciborskii vary in their cell quota of CYN, making it difficult to predict toxin concentrations, based on C. raciborskii cell densities. In summary, the ecological flexibility of this organism means that controlling blooms of C. raciborskii is a difficult undertaking. However, improved understanding of factors promoting the species and toxin production by genetically capable strains will lead to improved predictive models of blooms.

Interactions between a cyanobacterial bloom (Microcystis) and the submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum oryzetorum Kom.

In aquatic ecosystems, macrophytes and phytoplankton are main primary producers, in which macrophyte plays an important role in maintaining clear water state, while phytoplankton often dominates in turbid waterbodies. In the present study, the growth and photosynthetic activity of the submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum oryzetorum Kom. in different cell densities of cyanobacterial bloom are studied. The results show that the plant length and fresh mass of C. oryzetorum are promoted by low cyanobacterial cell densities. Medium and high cyanobacterial cell densities, on the contrary, act as inhibitory. Furthermore, the photosynthetic activity of C. oryzetorum is strongly inhibited by high cyanobacterial cell densities. To a certain extent, the growth of cyanobacteria is inhibited by C. oryzetorurn, but no significant effect is found in this study.

Production of dimethylsulfide and acrylic acid from dimethylsulfoniopropionate during growth of three marine microalgae

We measured the concentrations of dimethylsulfide(DMS),acrylic acid(AA),and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) during growth of three microalgae:Prorocentrum micans,Gephyrocapsa oceanica,and Platymonas subcordiformis.The DMSP,AA,and DMS concentrations in culture media varied significantly among algal growth stages,with the highest concentrations in the late stationary growth stage or the senescent stage.In the stationary growth stage,the average DMSP concentration per cell in P.micans(0.066 5 pmol/cell) was 1.3 times that in G.oceanica(0.049 5 pmol/cell) and 20.2 times that in P.subcordiformis(0.003 29 pmol/cell).The average concentrations of AA were0.044 6,0.026 9,and 0.003 05 pmol/cell in P.micans,G.oceanica,and P.subcordiformis,respectively,higher than the concentrations of DMS(0.272,0.497,and 0.086 2 fmol/cell,respectively).There were significant positive correlations between cell density and AA,DMSP,and DMS concentrations.The ratios of DMS/AA and AA/(DMSP+AA) in the three algae differed significantly over the growth cycle.In all three microalgae,the DMS/AA ratios were less than 25%during the growth period,suggesting that the enzymatic cleavage pathway,which generates DMS,was not the main DMSP degradation pathway.The changes in the DMS/AA ratio indicated that there was a higher rate of enzymatic breakdown of DMSP in the early growth period and a lower rate during senescence.In all three microalgae,the AA/(DMSP+AA) ratio(degradation ratio of DMSP) decreased during the exponential growth phase,and then increased.The variations in these ratios can approximately indicate the cleavage mechanism of DMSP at different stages of algal growth.

The Inhibitory Effects of Arresten Protein on Tumor Formation

Objective To examine the inhibitory effects of recombinant purified arresten on tumor formation. Methods Purified arresten protein was incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HeLa cells in vitro. The effect on proliferation of HUVECs and HeLa cells was examined using 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay, and apoptosis of these cells monitored by flow cytometry. The effect on migration of HUVECs and HeLa cells was examined by Boyden chamber. Twenty colon carcinoma-bearing C67BL/6 mice were used to investigate the antitumor effects of arresten protein. The mice were randomly divided into arresten treatment group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The microvessel densities of the tumors were measured by immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody. Results Arresten inhibited the proliferation and migration of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner while promoting apoptosis. However, arresten had no significant effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa cells. The migration of HeLa cells was modestly inhibited by arresten. The arresten treatment group of mice showed no weight loss or unusual behavior during the course of treatment, and the tumor growth was significantly decreased; in contrast, the control group of mice exhibited rapidly growing tumors and cachexia. A dramatically decreased microvessel density in tumor tissues was found in arresten-treated mice compared with that in the control mice. Conclusion Arresten can inhibit tumor growth through inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.

HIGH DENSITY CULTIVATION OF A RECOMBINANT CD－1 CELL LINE PRODUCING PROUROKINASE USING A BIOSILON MICROCARRIER CULTURE SYSTEM

CD-1, a genetically-engineered CHO cell line, was cultivated with a Biosilon microcarrier culture system.We successfully cultivated CD-1 cells to a very high density (over1×107cells/ml). Prourokinase was stably secreted at about 180 IU/ 1e6 cells/24 h. Experiments showed that CD-1 cells growing on Biosilon microcarriers were able to spontaneously release from the microcarriers, then reatthch and proliferate on fresh microcarriers. This makes it very easy to scale up preduction. The microcarriers could be reused several times without affecting adhesion. proliferation and prourokinase secretion. With CMPECC membrane radial flow chromatography and MPG chromatography, the prourokinase in conditioned medium could be purified to a specific activity of 1×105 IU/mg of protein. The purification factor was about 600 fold, and approxiamately 90 % of the biological activity was recovered.

Quorum-Sensing of Bacteria and Its Application

Quorum sensing, or auto induction, as a cell density dependent signaling mechanism in many microorganisms, is trig- gered via auto inducers which passively diffuse across the bacterial envelope and therefore intracellulaly accumulate only at higher bacterial densities to regulate specialized processes such as genetic competence, bioluminescence, virulence and sporulation. N-acyl homoserine lactones are the most common type of signal molecules. Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food-producing indus- tries, but disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria are a significant constraint on the development of the sector worldwide. Many of these pathogens have been found to be controlled by their quorum sensing systems. As there is relevance between the pathogenic bacteria＇s virulence factor expression and their auto inducers, quorum quenching is a new effective anti-infective strategy to control infections caused by bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. The techniques used to do this mainly include the following： （1） the inhibition of signal molecule biosynthesis, （2） blocking signal transduction, and （3） chemical inactivation and biodegradation of signal molecules. To provide a basis for finding alternative means of controlling aquatic diseases by quorum quenching instead of treatment by antibiotics and disinfectants, we will discuss the examination, purification and identification of auto inducers in this paper.

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite with Acidianus manzaensis YN25 under contact and non-contact conditions

In order to investigate the contributions of contact and non-contact cells of Acidianus manzaensis(A.manzaensis) YN25 to the bioleaching of chalcopyrite,three experiments were carried out in the modified shake flasks.The redox potential,pH,cell density,copper and iron ions in the solution were monitored,and the morphological feature and chemical composition of the leached residues were analyzed.The highest leaching efficiency of Cu and Fe was reached in the experiment where the A.manzaensis YN25 could contact the surface of the chalcopyrite.There was no precipitation of jarosite in the leached residues of three experiments,but there was elemental sulfur in the leached residues when the cells could not contact the chalcopyrite.From these results,it is apparent that the leaching of the chalcopyrite is the cooperative action of the contact and non-contact A.manzaensis YN25.

OXIDIZED HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN PROMOTES MATURATION AND MIGRATION OF BONE MARROW DERIVED DENDRITIC CELLS FROM C57BL/6J MICE

Objective To explore the influence of oxidized high-density lipoprotein （oxHDL） on the maturation and migration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells （BMDCs） from C57BL/6J mice. Methods The C57BL/6J mice bone marrow cell suspension was prepared and purified. Recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor （rmGM-CSF） and recombinant interleukin-4 （rmlL-4） were used to promote monocytes to differentiate and suppress lymphocytes. Then 50μg/mL oxHDL was added to stimulate BMDCs, using 50μg/mL high-density lipoprotein （HDL） as homologous protein control, PBS as negative control, and 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide （LPS） as positive control. The CD86 and MHCII expression rates were detected with fluorescence-activated cell sorting （FACS）. Liquid scintillation counting （LSC） was used in mixed lymphocyte reactions （MLRs） to reflect the ability of BMDCs in stimulating the proliferation of homologous T cells, Levels of cytokines IL-12 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. The cell migration was evaluated with the transwell system. Results Compared with PBS group, the expressions of CD86 and MHCII, counts per minute of MLRs, secretion of IL-12 and IL-10, and number of migrated cells in oxHDL group and LPS group significantly increased （all P 〈 0.05）, while the increment was less in oxHDL group than LPS group. The number of migrated cells in oxHDL group was about twice of that in HDL group. Conclusion OxHDL may promote the maturation and migration of BMDCs in vitro.

Experimental Study on the Interspecific Interactions Between the Two Bloom-Forming Algal Species and the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The interspecific interactions between the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and two harmful algal blooms(HAB) species were investigated experimentally by single culture method. B. plicatilis population and the growth of the two algae were compared at different algal cell densities. The results demonstrated that the B. plicatilis obtained sufficient nutrition from Prorocentrum donghaiense to support net population increase. With exposure to 2.5×104 cells mL-1 of P. donghaiense,the number of B. plicatilis increased faster than it did when exposed to other four algal densities(5,10,15 and 20 ×104 cells mL-1),and the increase rate of B. plicatilis population(r) at this algal density was 0.104 ± 0.015 r d-1. Cell densities of P. donghaiense decreased due to the grazing of B. plicatilis. In contrast,Heterosigma akashiwo had an adverse effect on B. plicatilis population and its growth was largely unaffected by rotifer grazing. In this case,B. plicatilis population decreased and H. akashiwo grew at a rate similar to that of the control.

Density, Viscosity, and Excess Properties for Binary Mixture of Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether ＋ Water from 293.15 to 333.15 K at Atmospheric Pressure

Densities and viscosities were measured as a function of composition for binary liquid mixture of diethylerie glycol monoethyl ether [CH3CH2O（CH2）2O（CH2）2OH] ＋ water from 293.15 to 333.15 K at atmospheric pressure, with a capillary pycnometer and Ubbelohde capillary viscometer respectively. From the experimental data, the excess molar volume V^E, viscosity deviation △η, and the excess energy of activation for viscous flow △G^＊E were calculated. These data were correlated by the Redlich-Kister type equations to obtain the coefficients and standard deviations. The results showed a strong molecular interaction between diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and water.

Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor in association with neovascularization in human primary astrocytoma

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenesis in primary astrocytoma. Methods: Thirty-seven primary astrocytomas and 4 astrocytic hyperplasia samples were collected and divided into three groups according to histological grade. The expression of eNOS, VEGF and factorⅧ related antigen (FⅧRAg) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. Microvascular density was assessed by FⅧRAg immunoreactivity. The intensity of immunoreactivity was graded according to the percentage of positive tumor cells. Results: No eNOS and VEGF were expressed in the astrocytes and vascular endothelium in astrocytic hyperplasia. The expression of eNOS or VEGF was light in low-grade astrocytoma and strong in glioblastoma. eNOS expression in astrocytoma was very positively correlated with VEGF. eNOS and VEGF expression in anaplastic astrocytoma was median in contrast to the low grade astrocytoma and glioblastoma. Lower microvascular density was found in low grade astrocytoma than that in higher grade malignant ones. The expressions of eNOS and VEGF were correlated with microvascular density and tumor malignancy. Conclusion: This finding suggests that eNOS and VEGF may have cooperative effect in tumor angiogenesis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of primary astrocytoma.

Berberine promotes the development of atherosclerosis and foam cell formation by inducing scavenger receptor A expression in macrophage

Berberine is identified to lower the serum cholesterol level in human and hamster through the induction of low density lipoproteins （LDL） receptor in hepatic cells. To evaluate its potential in preventing atherosclerosis, the effect of berberine on atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotcin E-deficient （apoE^-/-） mice was investigated. In apoE^-/- mice, berberine induced in rivo foam cell formation and promoted atheroselerosis development. The foam cell formation induced by berberinc was also observed in mouse RAW264.7 cells, as well as in mouse and human primary macrophages. By inducing scavenger receptor A （SR-A） expression in macrophages, berberine increased the uptake of modified LDL （DiO-Ac-LDL）. Bcrberine-induced SR-A expression was also observed in macrophage foam cells in vivo and in the cells at atherosclerotic lesion. Analysis in RAW264.7 cells indicated that berberine induced SR-A expression by suppressing PTEN expression, which led to sustained Akt activation. Our results suggest that to evaluate the potential of a cholesterol-reducing compound in alleviating atherosclerosis, its effect on the ceils involved in atherosclerosis development, such as macrophages, should also be considered. Promotion of foam cell formation could counter-balance the beneficial effect of lowering serum cholesterol.

High-density lipoprotein as a potential carrier for delivery of a lipophilic antitumoral drug into hepatoma cells

AIM: To investigate the possibility of recombinant highdensity lipoprotein (rHDL) being a carrier for delivering antitumoral drug to hepatoma cells. METHODS: Recombinant complex of HDL and aclacinomycin (rHDL-ACM) was prepared by cosonication of apoproteins from HDL (Apo HDL) and ACM as well as phosphatidylcholine. Characteristics of the rHDL-ACM were elucidated by electrophoretic mobility, including the size of particles, morphology and entrapment efficiency. Binding activity of rHDL-ACM to human hepatoma cells was determined by competition assay in the presence of excess native HDL. The cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM was assessed by MTT method. RESULTS: The density range of rHDL-ACM was 1.063-1.210 g/mL, and the same as that of native HDL. The purity of all rHDL-ACM preparations was more than 92%. Encapsulated efficiencies of rHDL-ACM were more than 90%. rHDL-ACM particles were typical sphere model of lipoproteins and heterogeneous in particle size. The average diameter was 31.26±5.62 nm by measure of 110 rHDL-ACM particles in the range of diameter of lipoproteins. rHDL-ACM could bind on SMMC-7721 cells, and such binding could be competed against in the presence of excess native HDL. rHDL-ACM had same binding capacity as native HDL. The cellular uptake of rHDL-ACM by SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells was significantly higher than that of free ACM at the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL (P<0.01). Cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM to SMMC-7721 cells was significantly higher than that of free ACM at concentration range of less than 5 ug/mL (P<0.01) and IC50 of rHDL-ACM was lower than IC50 of free ACM (1.68 nmol/L vs3 nmol/L). Compared to L02 hepatocytes, a normal liver cell line, the cellular uptake of rHDL-ACM by SMMC-7721 cells was significantly higher (P<0.01) and in a dose-dependent manner at the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL.Cytotoxicity of the rHDL-ACM to SMMC- 7721 cells was significantly higher than that to L02 cells at concentration range of 1-7.5μg/mL (P<0.01). IC50 for SMMC-7721 cells (1.68 nmol/L) was lower than that for L02 cells (5.68 nmol/L), showing a preferential cytotoxicity of rHDL-ACM for SMMC-7721 cells. CONCLUSION: rHDL-ACM complex keeps the basic physical and biological binding properties of native HDL and shows a preferential cytotoxicity for SMMC-7721 hepatoma to normal L02 hepatocytes, HDL is a potential carrier for delivering lipophilic antitumoral drug to hepatoma cells.

Metabolism of high density lipoproteins in liver cancer

Liver plays a vital role in the production and catabolism of plasma lipoproteins. It depends on the integrity of cellular function of liver, which ensures homeostasis of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. When liver cancer occurs these processes are impaired and high-density lipoproteins are changed.