林火对土壤细根系生物量影响的研究

通过对大兴安岭新林林业局 2 0年不同年份 10块火烧迹地进行调查取样和室内分析 ,发现不同年限不同强度的火烧迹地土壤中细根系 (直径 <2 m m)生物量的变化不同 :( 1)火烧后 ,细根系的生物量均有所增加 ,且高强度火烧后增加最显著 ,其次是低强度火烧 ,中强度火烧最不明显 ;( 2 )低强度火烧 ,当年细根系生物量增加最多 ,以后逐年下降 ,至火烧 6年后基本达到未烧前的水平 ,以后随着火烧后年限的增加 ,细根系生物量又有逐年增加的趋势 ;中强度火烧对细根系生物量增加的影响呈现不规律的变化 ;而高强度火烧对细根系生物量的影响除了在当年比较显著以外 ,在火烧 10年、 2 0年后最显著 ;( 3 )无论何种强度的当年火烧迹地 ,一场雨过后 。

豫南山区典型林分地表层根系结构与土壤特性的关系

以豫南山区20年生的不同林分类型为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,对林地地表层细根结构参数和土壤理化特性指标以及两者之间的关系进行研究。结果表明：麻栎—马尾松混交林土壤全氮质量分数、有效氮质量分数和有机质质量分数均高于麻栎林和马尾松纯林,且主要集中在林地0-10 cm土层中;各根系结构参数值均随土层深度增加而减少;根质量密度最大的林分类型为马尾松纯林,达到2.268 mg·cm^-3;各林分类型林地表层的根系以直径在0.3-0.7 mm的细根为主。土壤有机质质量分数和土壤有效氮质量分数均与根质量密度、根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度存在显著的相关关系（P〈0.05）;土壤密度与根系结构参数存在不显著的负相关关系（P〉0.05）;三次曲线能很好的拟合土壤有效氮质量分数与根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度的关系,而对土壤有机质质量分数和根系各参数拟合效果较好的是幂函数或S形曲线。

外电场对油葵种子和幼苗根系超弱光子辐射的影响

生物系统超弱光子辐射值是生物系统内物质代谢和能量转化活动的一项指标 .我们用电场处理油葵种子 ,测定电场对油葵种子和幼苗根系超弱发光值的影响 .结果表明 ,电场处理种子明显影响种子和幼苗根系的超弱光子辐射强度 ,不同电场处理条件对种子和幼苗根系的超弱发光值影响不同 .在 0 .5～ 6.0 kv/cm场强范围内 ,超弱发光值随场强增加呈非单调型变化 。

An R2R3-type transcription factor gene AtMYB59 regulates root growth and cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis

MYB proteins play important roles in eukaryotic organisms. In plants, the R1R2R3-type MYB proteins function in cell cycle control. However, whether the R2R3-type MYB protein is also involved in the cell division process remains unknown. Here, we report that an R2R3-type transcription factor gene, AtMYB59, is involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and root growth. The AtMYB59 protein is localized in the nuclei of onion epidermal cells and has transactivation activity. Expression of AtMYB59 in yeast cells suppresses cell proliferation, and the transfor- mants have more nuclei and higher anenpioid DNA content with longer cells. Mutation in the conserved domain of AtMYB59 abolishes its effects on yeast cell growth. In synchronized Arabidopsis cell suspensions, the AtMYB59 gene is specifically expressed in the S phase during cell cycle progression. Expression and promoter-GUS analysis reveals that the AtMYB59 gene is abundantly expressed in roots. Transgenic plants overexpressing AtMYB59 have shorter roots compared with wild-type plants （Arabidopsis accession Col-0）, and around half of the mitotic cells in root tips are at metaphase. Conversely, the null mutant myb59-1 has longer roots and fewer mitotic cells at metaphase than Col, suggesting that AtMYB59 may inhibit root growth by extending the metaphase of mitotic cells. AtMYB59 regulates many downstream genes, including the CYCB1;1 gene, probably through binding to MYB-responsive elements. These results support a role forAtMYB59 in cell cycle regulation and plant root growth.

Characterization of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Rhizosphere Soils of Three Plants in Rapidly Changing Salt Marshes Using 16S rDNA

The structure and diversity of the bacterial communities in rhizosphere soils of native Phragmites australis and Scirpus rnariqueter and alien Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary were investigated by constructing 16S ribosomal DNA （rDNA） clone libraries. The bacterial diversity was quantified by placing the clones into operational taxonomic unit （OTU） groups at the level of sequence similarity of 〉 97%. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting 398 clone sequences indicated a high diversity of bacteria in the rhizosphere soils of these plants. The members of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Deltaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria were the most abundant in rhizobacteria. Chao 1 nonpaxametric diversity estimator coupled with the reciprocal of Simpson＇s index （l/D） was applied to sequence data obtained from each library to evaluate total sequence diversity and quantitatively compare the level of dominance. The results showed that Phragmites, Scirpus, and Spartina rhizosphere soils contained 200, 668, and 382 OTUs, respectively. The bacterial communities in the Spartina and Phragraites rhizosphere soils displayed species dominance revealed by 1/D, whereas the bacterial community in Scirpus rhizosphere soil had uniform distributions of species abundance. Overall, analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries from the rhizosphere soils indicates that the changes in bacterial composition may occur concomitantly with the shift of species composition in plant communities.

Stem cell lineage in body layer specialization and vascular patterning of rice root and leaf

Since the first appearance of vascular plants during evolution, the plant body has become specialized for adaption to land conditions. Much of our knowledge of plant body specialization and the origins of tissues from stem cells have been obtained from studies on the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana. However, less is known about plant body specialization in monocots, another important branch of angiosperms. In this study, we analyzed stem cell lineage and differentiation during development of the root and leaf of the monocot model plant rice(Oryza sativa). Our results showed that three body layers of rice are established from stem cells accompanied by progressively reduced pluripotency. Layer 1(L1) is a single-cell layer of epidermis; L2 is the cortex/endodermis in the root and the mesophyll in the leaf; and L3 is the site of vascular initiation. At least two common steps in vascular development are shared between rice root and leaf. The preprocambium divides to form the procambium and root pericycle or leaf outer sheath. The procambium further differentiates into the xylem, phloem and circumambient cells. We found that the outer sheath of leaf vascular bundles originates not only from the preprocambium of L3,but also from the mesophyll precursor cells of L2. In addition, WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX(WOX)genes are expressed in not only the stem cell niche but also metaxylem precursor in rice. This pattern differs from that of homologs in Arabidopsis, suggesting that WOX functions have been recruited in different stem cells in dicots and monocots.

Contribution of Root Proliferation in Nutrient-Rich Soil Patches to Nutrient Uptake and Growth of Maize

Root proliferation can be stimulated in a heterogeneous nutrient patch; however, the functions of the root proliferation in the nutrient-rich soil patches are not fully understood. In the present study, a two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the comparative effects of localized application of ammonium and phosphorus (P) at early or late stages on root growth, nutrient uptake, and biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) on a calcareous soil in an intensive farming system. Localized supply of ammonium and P had a more evident effect on shoot and root growth, and especially stimulated fine root development at the early seedling stage, with most of the maize roots being allocated to the nutrient-rich patch in the topsoil. Although localized ammonium and P supply at the late stage also enhanced the fine root growth, the plant roots in the patch accounted for a low proportion of the whole maize roots in the topsoil at the flowering stage. Compared with the early stage, fine root length in the short-lived nutrient patch decreased by 44%-62% and the shoot dry weight was not different between heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient supply at the late growth stage. Localized supply of ammonium and P significantly increased N and P accumulation by maize at 35 and 47 days after sowing (DAS); however, no significant difference was found among the treatments at 82 DAS and the later growth stages. The increased nutrient uptake and plant growth was related to the higher proportion of root length in the localized nutrient-enriched patch. The results indicated that root proliferation in nutrient patches contributed more to maize growth and nutrient uptake at the early than late stages.