AIM： To investigate the effect of a vaccine with recombinant adenovirus interleukin-12 （AdVIL-12） transduced dendritic cells （DCs） against colon cancer in mice. METHODS： DCs and AdVIL-12 were incubated together ...AIM： To investigate the effect of a vaccine with recombinant adenovirus interleukin-12 （AdVIL-12） transduced dendritic cells （DCs） against colon cancer in mice. METHODS： DCs and AdVIL-12 were incubated together at different time intervals and at different doses. Supernatant was collected and tested for IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. In order to determine whether tumor cell lysate-pulsed （TP） AdVIL-12/DCs enhance therapeutic potential in the established tumor model, CT26 colon tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously （s.c.） in the midflank of naive BALB/c mice. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with a vaccination of CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs on d 3 and 10. As a protective colon tumor model, naive BALB/c mice were immunized s.c. in their abdomens with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs twice at seven day intervals. After the immunization on d 7, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of CT26 tumor cells and survival times were evaluated. Subsequently, cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity and interferon gamma （IFNy） secretion was evaluated in the immunized mice, and assayed CTL ex vivo. RESULTS： Murine DCs were retrovirally transduced with AdVIL-12 efficiency, and the AdVIL-12 transduced DCs secreted a high level of IL-12 （AdVIL-12/DCs, 615.27 ± 42.3 pg/mL vs DCs, 46.32 ± 7.29 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）. Vaccination with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs could enhance anti-tumor immunity against CT26 colon tumor in murine therapeutic models （tumor volume on d 19：CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs 107 ± 42 mm^3 vs CT26 TP DCs 383± 65 mm^3, P 〈 0.05） and protective models. Moreover, the CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DC vaccination enhances tumor-specific CTL activity, producing high levels of IFN7 in immunized mice. Ex vivo primed T cells with AdVIL-12/DCs were able to induce more effective CTL activity than in primed T cells with CT26 TP/DCs （E：T = 100：1, 69.49% ± 6.11% specific lysis vs 37.44% ＋ 4.32% specific lysis, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Vaccination with recombinant AdVIL-12 transduced DC pulsed tumor cell lysate enhance antitumor immunity specific to colon cancer in mice.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the effects of 5-Fluorouracil （5-FU） on modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis and the mechanism of it in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. METH...AIM： To investigate the effects of 5-Fluorouracil （5-FU） on modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis and the mechanism of it in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to 3 Groups： Group A, sham operated rats as controls （n = 7）; Group B, acute pancreatitis induced by ductal injection with 5% sodium cholate at a volume of 1.0 mL/kg without any other treatment; Group C, after the pancreatitis was induced as in Group B, the rats were injected intravenously with 5-FU 40 mg/kg. The animals in Groups B and C were killed at 2, 6 and 24 h after operation （n = 7）, and blood samples were taken for measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin-1 （IL-1）, interleukin-6 （IL-6） （by bioassay）, and interleukin-10 （IL-10）, transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） （by ELISA）. The wet weight of pancreatic tissue, serum amylase levels and white blood cells were also measured. RESULTS： Four rats in Group B and one in Group C died after pancreatitis was induced. Both pro-inflammatory cytokines （TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6） at the 2 and 6 h period and the anti-inflammatory cytokines （IL-10, TGF-β） at 24 h increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） in rats of Group B. After treatment with 5-FU, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in serum of rats of Group C were inhibited at 2 and 6 h after operation （P 〈 0.05）, and IL-IO, TGF-13 were inhibited at 24 h compared to Group B （P 〈 0.05）. Obvious improvements in the severity of the acute pancreatitis, including the amylase levels, wet weight of pancreatic tissue and neutrophil counts, were also observed after treatment with 5-FU. CONCLUSION： 5-FU is an anti-metabolic and immunosuppressive agent which can minimize the abnormal immune o/tokine response and relieve the pathophysiological disorders associated with experimental acute pancreatitis.展开更多
AIM： To study the effect of interleukin-10 （IL-10） on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） in hepatic fibrosis rats and the anti-fibrotic role of exogenous IL-10. METHODS： Hepatic fibrosis ...AIM： To study the effect of interleukin-10 （IL-10） on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） in hepatic fibrosis rats and the anti-fibrotic role of exogenous IL-10. METHODS： Hepatic fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride administered （CCh） intraperitoneally. The experiment was performed in two stages. In the first stage, 60 SD rats were divided randomly into normal control group I（GNI, n = 8）, hepatic fibrosis group（GC, n = 28）and IL-10 intervened group（GI, n = 24）. At the beginning of the 7^th and 11^th wk, hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） were isolated, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reation （RT-PCR） and immunocytochemistry were performed to detect the expression of TGF-β1 in HSCs. Histological examination was used to determine the degree of hepatic fibrosis. In the second stage, 47 SD rats were divided randomly into normal control group 2 （GN2, n = 6）and CCh group（GZ, n = 41）. At the end of the 9th week, rats in GZ group were allocated randomly into model group（GM, n = 9）, IL-10 treatment group（GT, n = 9） and recovered group （GR, n = 9）. At the end of the 12^th week, all rats were sacrificed. RT-PCR and immuno- histochemistry were performed to detect the expression of TGF-β1 in liver tissue. ELISA was used to assay serum TGF-β1 levels. RESULTS： Hepatic fibrosis developed in rats with the increase of the injection frequency of CCI4. In the first stage, hepatic fibrosis developed and HSCs were isolated successfully. At the 7^th and 11^th week, TGF-β1 mRNA in GC group increased significantly compared with that in GN1（P = 0.001/0.042） and GI groups（P = 0.001/0.007）, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups. The levels of TGF-β1 at the beginning of the 7^th wk was higher than that of the 11^th wk （P = 0.049）.Immunocytochemistry results of TGF-β1 were consistent with the above findings. In the second stage, TGF-β1 increased significantly in GM group compared to GN2. Alter treatment with IL-10, TGF-β1 declined obviously. The expression of TGF-β1 decreased in GR group but was still higher than that in GT group. CONCLUSION： The levels of TGF-β1 are increased in hepatic fibrosis rats and decreased alter treatment with exogenous IL-10. IL-10 may play an anti-fibrotic role by suppressing TGF-β1 expression.展开更多
AIM： To study the effect of H2 gas on liver injury in massive hepatectomy using the Intermittent Pringle maneuver in swine. METHODS： Male Bama pigs （n = 14） treated with ketamine hydrochloride and Sumianxin Ⅱ as ...AIM： To study the effect of H2 gas on liver injury in massive hepatectomy using the Intermittent Pringle maneuver in swine. METHODS： Male Bama pigs （n = 14） treated with ketamine hydrochloride and Sumianxin Ⅱ as induc- tion drugs followed by inhalation anesthesia with 2% isoflurane, underwent 70% hepatotectomy with loss of bleeding less than 50 mL, and with hepatic pedicle occlusion for 20 min, were divided into two groups： Hydrogen-group （n = 7）, the pigs with inhalation of 2% hydrogen by the tracheal intubation during major hepa- totectomy; Contrast-group （n= 7）, underwent 70% hepatotectomy without inhalation of hydrogen. Hemo- dynamic changes and plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, hyaluronic acid （HA）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） in liver tissue were measured at pre-operation, post-hepatotectomy （PH） 1 h and 3 h. The apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） expres- sion in liver remnant were evaluated at PH 3 h. Then we compared the two groups by these marks to evalu- ate the effect of the hydrogen in the liver injury during major hepatotectomy with the Pringle Maneuver in the swine. RESULTS： There were no significant differences in body weight, blood loss and removal liver weight be- tween the two groups. There was no significant differ- ence in changes of portal vein pressure between two groups at pre-operation, PH 30 min, but in hydrogen gas treated-group it slightly decrease and lower than its in Contrast-group at PH 3 h, although there were no significant difference （P = 0.655）. ALT and AST in Hydrogen-group was significantly lower comparing to Contrast-group （P = 0.036, P = 0.011, vs P = 0.032, P = 0.013） at PH 1 h and 3 h, although the two groups all increased. The MDA level increased between the two group at PH i h and 3 h. In the hydrogen gas treated- group, the MDA level was not significantly significant at pre-operation and significantly low at PH 1 h and 3 h comparing to Contrast-group （P = 0.0005, P = 0.0004）. In Hydrogen-group, the HA level was also significantly low to Contrast-group （P = 0.0005, P = 0.0005） al- though the two groups all increased at PH 1 h and 3 h. The expression of cluster of differentiation molecule 31 molecules Hydrogen-group was low to Contrast-group. However, PCNA index （%） was not statistically signifi- cant between the two groups （P = 0.802）. Micropho- tometric evaluation of apoptotic index （AI） in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-stained tissue after hepatotectomy for 3h, the AI% level in the hydrogen was significantly low to Contrast-group （P = 0.012）. There were no significant difference between Hydrogen-group and Contrast- group at pre-operation （P = 0.653, P = 0.423）, but after massive hepatotectomy, the TNF-α and IL-6 levels increase, and its in Hydrogen-group was significantly low compared with Contrast-group （P = 0.022, P = 0.013, vs P = 0.016, P= 0.012）, respectively. Hydro- gen-gas inhalation reduce levels of these markers and relieved morphological liver injury and apoptosis.CONCLUSION： H2 gas attenuates markedly ischemia and portal hyperperfusion injury in pigs with massive hepatotectomy, possibly by the reduction of inflamma- tion and oxidative stress, maybe a potential agent for treatment in clinic.展开更多
AIM： TO assess whether polymorphisms in NOD2 and ATG16L1 affect cytokine responses and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis （MAP） survival in monocytes from Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients METHODS： Mon...AIM： TO assess whether polymorphisms in NOD2 and ATG16L1 affect cytokine responses and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis （MAP） survival in monocytes from Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients METHODS： Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of CD patients of known genotype for common single nucleotide polymorphisms of NOD2 and ATG16L1, Monocytes were challenged with MAP and bacterial per- sistence assessed at subsequent time-points. Cytokine responses were assayed using a Milliplex multi-analyte profiling assay for 13 cytokines. RESULTS： Monooltes heterozygous for a NOD2 polymorphism （R702W, P268S, or 1007fs） were more permissive for growth of MAP （P = 0.045） than those without. There was no effect of NOD2 genotype on subsequent cytokine expression. The T300A polymorphism of ATG16L1 did not affect growth of MAP in our model （P = 0.175）, but did increase expression of cytokines interleukin （IL）-10 （P = 0.047） and IL-6 （P = 0.019）. CONCLUSION： CD-associated polymorphisms affected the eliminaUon of MAP from ex v/vo monooltes （NOD2）, or expression of certain oltokines （ATG16LI）, implying independent but contributory roles in the pathogenesis of CD.展开更多
Celiac disease (CD), an enteropathy caused by dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals, is histologically characterized by villous atrophy, crypt cell hyperplasia, and increased number of intra-epithelial...Celiac disease (CD), an enteropathy caused by dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals, is histologically characterized by villous atrophy, crypt cell hyperplasia, and increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The nature of CD pathogenesis remains unclear, but recent evidence indicates that both innate and adaptive immune responses are necessary for the phenotypic expression and pathologic changes characteristic of CD. Extensive studies of molecules produced by immune cells in the gut of CD patients have led to identification of two cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21, which are thought to play a major role in orchestrating the mucosal inflammatory response in CD. Here we review the current knowledge of the expression and function of IL-15 and IL-21 in CD.展开更多
文摘AIM： To investigate the effect of a vaccine with recombinant adenovirus interleukin-12 （AdVIL-12） transduced dendritic cells （DCs） against colon cancer in mice. METHODS： DCs and AdVIL-12 were incubated together at different time intervals and at different doses. Supernatant was collected and tested for IL-12 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. In order to determine whether tumor cell lysate-pulsed （TP） AdVIL-12/DCs enhance therapeutic potential in the established tumor model, CT26 colon tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously （s.c.） in the midflank of naive BALB/c mice. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with a vaccination of CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs on d 3 and 10. As a protective colon tumor model, naive BALB/c mice were immunized s.c. in their abdomens with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs twice at seven day intervals. After the immunization on d 7, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of CT26 tumor cells and survival times were evaluated. Subsequently, cytotoxic T lymphocyte （CTL） activity and interferon gamma （IFNy） secretion was evaluated in the immunized mice, and assayed CTL ex vivo. RESULTS： Murine DCs were retrovirally transduced with AdVIL-12 efficiency, and the AdVIL-12 transduced DCs secreted a high level of IL-12 （AdVIL-12/DCs, 615.27 ± 42.3 pg/mL vs DCs, 46.32 ± 7.29 pg/mL, P 〈 0.05）. Vaccination with CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs could enhance anti-tumor immunity against CT26 colon tumor in murine therapeutic models （tumor volume on d 19：CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DCs 107 ± 42 mm^3 vs CT26 TP DCs 383± 65 mm^3, P 〈 0.05） and protective models. Moreover, the CT26 TP AdVIL-12/DC vaccination enhances tumor-specific CTL activity, producing high levels of IFN7 in immunized mice. Ex vivo primed T cells with AdVIL-12/DCs were able to induce more effective CTL activity than in primed T cells with CT26 TP/DCs （E：T = 100：1, 69.49% ± 6.11% specific lysis vs 37.44% ＋ 4.32% specific lysis, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： Vaccination with recombinant AdVIL-12 transduced DC pulsed tumor cell lysate enhance antitumor immunity specific to colon cancer in mice.
文摘AIM： To investigate the effects of 5-Fluorouracil （5-FU） on modulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in acute pancreatitis and the mechanism of it in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. METHODS： Male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to 3 Groups： Group A, sham operated rats as controls （n = 7）; Group B, acute pancreatitis induced by ductal injection with 5% sodium cholate at a volume of 1.0 mL/kg without any other treatment; Group C, after the pancreatitis was induced as in Group B, the rats were injected intravenously with 5-FU 40 mg/kg. The animals in Groups B and C were killed at 2, 6 and 24 h after operation （n = 7）, and blood samples were taken for measurement of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin-1 （IL-1）, interleukin-6 （IL-6） （by bioassay）, and interleukin-10 （IL-10）, transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） （by ELISA）. The wet weight of pancreatic tissue, serum amylase levels and white blood cells were also measured. RESULTS： Four rats in Group B and one in Group C died after pancreatitis was induced. Both pro-inflammatory cytokines （TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6） at the 2 and 6 h period and the anti-inflammatory cytokines （IL-10, TGF-β） at 24 h increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） in rats of Group B. After treatment with 5-FU, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in serum of rats of Group C were inhibited at 2 and 6 h after operation （P 〈 0.05）, and IL-IO, TGF-13 were inhibited at 24 h compared to Group B （P 〈 0.05）. Obvious improvements in the severity of the acute pancreatitis, including the amylase levels, wet weight of pancreatic tissue and neutrophil counts, were also observed after treatment with 5-FU. CONCLUSION： 5-FU is an anti-metabolic and immunosuppressive agent which can minimize the abnormal immune o/tokine response and relieve the pathophysiological disorders associated with experimental acute pancreatitis.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, No. 2005D094 and No. C0410025
文摘AIM： To study the effect of interleukin-10 （IL-10） on the expression of transforming growth factor β1 （TGF-β1） in hepatic fibrosis rats and the anti-fibrotic role of exogenous IL-10. METHODS： Hepatic fibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride administered （CCh） intraperitoneally. The experiment was performed in two stages. In the first stage, 60 SD rats were divided randomly into normal control group I（GNI, n = 8）, hepatic fibrosis group（GC, n = 28）and IL-10 intervened group（GI, n = 24）. At the beginning of the 7^th and 11^th wk, hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） were isolated, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reation （RT-PCR） and immunocytochemistry were performed to detect the expression of TGF-β1 in HSCs. Histological examination was used to determine the degree of hepatic fibrosis. In the second stage, 47 SD rats were divided randomly into normal control group 2 （GN2, n = 6）and CCh group（GZ, n = 41）. At the end of the 9th week, rats in GZ group were allocated randomly into model group（GM, n = 9）, IL-10 treatment group（GT, n = 9） and recovered group （GR, n = 9）. At the end of the 12^th week, all rats were sacrificed. RT-PCR and immuno- histochemistry were performed to detect the expression of TGF-β1 in liver tissue. ELISA was used to assay serum TGF-β1 levels. RESULTS： Hepatic fibrosis developed in rats with the increase of the injection frequency of CCI4. In the first stage, hepatic fibrosis developed and HSCs were isolated successfully. At the 7^th and 11^th week, TGF-β1 mRNA in GC group increased significantly compared with that in GN1（P = 0.001/0.042） and GI groups（P = 0.001/0.007）, whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups. The levels of TGF-β1 at the beginning of the 7^th wk was higher than that of the 11^th wk （P = 0.049）.Immunocytochemistry results of TGF-β1 were consistent with the above findings. In the second stage, TGF-β1 increased significantly in GM group compared to GN2. Alter treatment with IL-10, TGF-β1 declined obviously. The expression of TGF-β1 decreased in GR group but was still higher than that in GT group. CONCLUSION： The levels of TGF-β1 are increased in hepatic fibrosis rats and decreased alter treatment with exogenous IL-10. IL-10 may play an anti-fibrotic role by suppressing TGF-β1 expression.
文摘AIM： To study the effect of H2 gas on liver injury in massive hepatectomy using the Intermittent Pringle maneuver in swine. METHODS： Male Bama pigs （n = 14） treated with ketamine hydrochloride and Sumianxin Ⅱ as induc- tion drugs followed by inhalation anesthesia with 2% isoflurane, underwent 70% hepatotectomy with loss of bleeding less than 50 mL, and with hepatic pedicle occlusion for 20 min, were divided into two groups： Hydrogen-group （n = 7）, the pigs with inhalation of 2% hydrogen by the tracheal intubation during major hepa- totectomy; Contrast-group （n= 7）, underwent 70% hepatotectomy without inhalation of hydrogen. Hemo- dynamic changes and plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, hyaluronic acid （HA）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） in liver tissue were measured at pre-operation, post-hepatotectomy （PH） 1 h and 3 h. The apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） expres- sion in liver remnant were evaluated at PH 3 h. Then we compared the two groups by these marks to evalu- ate the effect of the hydrogen in the liver injury during major hepatotectomy with the Pringle Maneuver in the swine. RESULTS： There were no significant differences in body weight, blood loss and removal liver weight be- tween the two groups. There was no significant differ- ence in changes of portal vein pressure between two groups at pre-operation, PH 30 min, but in hydrogen gas treated-group it slightly decrease and lower than its in Contrast-group at PH 3 h, although there were no significant difference （P = 0.655）. ALT and AST in Hydrogen-group was significantly lower comparing to Contrast-group （P = 0.036, P = 0.011, vs P = 0.032, P = 0.013） at PH 1 h and 3 h, although the two groups all increased. The MDA level increased between the two group at PH i h and 3 h. In the hydrogen gas treated- group, the MDA level was not significantly significant at pre-operation and significantly low at PH 1 h and 3 h comparing to Contrast-group （P = 0.0005, P = 0.0004）. In Hydrogen-group, the HA level was also significantly low to Contrast-group （P = 0.0005, P = 0.0005） al- though the two groups all increased at PH 1 h and 3 h. The expression of cluster of differentiation molecule 31 molecules Hydrogen-group was low to Contrast-group. However, PCNA index （%） was not statistically signifi- cant between the two groups （P = 0.802）. Micropho- tometric evaluation of apoptotic index （AI） in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-stained tissue after hepatotectomy for 3h, the AI% level in the hydrogen was significantly low to Contrast-group （P = 0.012）. There were no significant difference between Hydrogen-group and Contrast- group at pre-operation （P = 0.653, P = 0.423）, but after massive hepatotectomy, the TNF-α and IL-6 levels increase, and its in Hydrogen-group was significantly low compared with Contrast-group （P = 0.022, P = 0.013, vs P = 0.016, P= 0.012）, respectively. Hydro- gen-gas inhalation reduce levels of these markers and relieved morphological liver injury and apoptosis.CONCLUSION： H2 gas attenuates markedly ischemia and portal hyperperfusion injury in pigs with massive hepatotectomy, possibly by the reduction of inflamma- tion and oxidative stress, maybe a potential agent for treatment in clinic.
基金Supported by Broad Medical Research Program of The Broad Foundation,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Grant IBD-0236. RLR is the recipient of a Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship from the Health Research Council of New Zealand
文摘AIM： TO assess whether polymorphisms in NOD2 and ATG16L1 affect cytokine responses and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis （MAP） survival in monocytes from Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients METHODS： Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of CD patients of known genotype for common single nucleotide polymorphisms of NOD2 and ATG16L1, Monocytes were challenged with MAP and bacterial per- sistence assessed at subsequent time-points. Cytokine responses were assayed using a Milliplex multi-analyte profiling assay for 13 cytokines. RESULTS： Monooltes heterozygous for a NOD2 polymorphism （R702W, P268S, or 1007fs） were more permissive for growth of MAP （P = 0.045） than those without. There was no effect of NOD2 genotype on subsequent cytokine expression. The T300A polymorphism of ATG16L1 did not affect growth of MAP in our model （P = 0.175）, but did increase expression of cytokines interleukin （IL）-10 （P = 0.047） and IL-6 （P = 0.019）. CONCLUSION： CD-associated polymorphisms affected the eliminaUon of MAP from ex v/vo monooltes （NOD2）, or expression of certain oltokines （ATG16LI）, implying independent but contributory roles in the pathogenesis of CD.
文摘Celiac disease (CD), an enteropathy caused by dietary gluten in genetically susceptible individuals, is histologically characterized by villous atrophy, crypt cell hyperplasia, and increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The nature of CD pathogenesis remains unclear, but recent evidence indicates that both innate and adaptive immune responses are necessary for the phenotypic expression and pathologic changes characteristic of CD. Extensive studies of molecules produced by immune cells in the gut of CD patients have led to identification of two cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-21, which are thought to play a major role in orchestrating the mucosal inflammatory response in CD. Here we review the current knowledge of the expression and function of IL-15 and IL-21 in CD.
