豌豆不同耐铝品种根尖细胞壁果胶及其甲基酯化度的差异

[目的]研究豌豆不同品种耐铝性和根尖根段耐铝性与果胶及其甲基酯化间的关系,为进一步揭示植物耐铝机理以及耐铝性状的遗传改良提供依据。[方法]以豌豆品种Hyogo和Alaska为试验材料,采用Hoagland培养方式,测定了不同品种不同根段果胶含量、果胶甲基酯化度和果胶甲酯酶活性,研究了其差异及原因。[结果]在15和30μmol/L铝浓度胁迫条件下,豌豆品种Alaska根相对伸长率均显著高于品种Hyogo,同时有根尖0~5 mm和5~10 mm段有更少的胼胝质生成和累积在30μmol/L浓度下不同根段间均达到显著差异,同时品种Hyogo根尖0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段铝含量均显著高于品种Alaska,说明品种Alaska和品种Hyogo间存在耐铝性差异,其中品种Alaska耐铝性高于品种Hyogo,即品种Hyogo为铝敏感品种,品种Alaska是耐铝品种。比较两者不同根段（0~2.5 mm、2.5~5.0 mm和5.0~10.0 mm）的铝含量与果胶含量、果胶甲基酯化度、PME活性间的关系发现耐铝品种不同根段中的铝含量均小于敏感品种,并且在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段间达到显著性差异;根尖不同根段果胶糖醛酸含量大小依次为0~2.5〉2.5~5.0〉5.0~10.0 mm,耐铝品种Alaska根尖细胞壁果胶和未甲酯化果胶含量均显著低于Hyogo,并且0~2.5 mm根段差异最大。根尖不同根段果胶甲基酯化度从根尖向上逐渐降低,并且耐铝品种Alaska高于铝敏感品种Hyogo,其中0~2.5 mm段间的差异达到显著水平;在对两个品种果胶甲基酯化酶（PME）活性进一步分析发现,PME活性大小依次为0~2.5〉2.5~5.0〉5.0~10.0 mm,两品种0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段间均达到显著差异。[结论]铝敏感品种Hyogo在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0mm根段具有较高PME活性和较低果胶甲基酯化程度。豌豆根尖果胶含量和甲基酯化度尤其是0~2.5 mm根段是豌豆耐铝性差异的重要原因;Alaska根尖细胞壁的果胶含量低和果胶甲基酯化度高（尤其是0~2.5 mm段）是其耐铝的重要机制。

超声处理对葡萄细胞壁果胶组分的影响

为明确超声处理下葡萄细胞壁中不同果胶组分含量及结构变化,本研究采用不同超声时间和超声功率对葡萄进行处理,通过咔唑硫酸法、PMP柱前衍生化法、高效液相凝胶色谱分析、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析和圆二色谱分析等手段分析了葡萄细胞壁中果胶组分含量、单糖组成及结构变化。结果表明,新鲜葡萄细胞壁果胶中碱溶性果胶含量最高,为27.41 mg/g AIR,螯合型果胶含量最低,为8.25 mg/g AIR;不同超声处理后总果胶含量呈下降趋势,其中水溶性果胶含量增加,螯合型和碱溶性果胶含量降低。果胶单糖共检测到6种,不同果胶组分单糖组成不同,水溶性果胶中半乳糖和阿拉伯糖含量较高,螯合型果胶中葡萄糖醛酸含量最多,而碱溶性果胶中含量最高的为鼠李糖;超声处理后果胶组分单糖组成不变,但含量均发生降低;超声作用未改变果胶主链结构,但其线性结构和支链程度均发生变化。随着超声处理时间和功率的增加,不同果胶的分子量整体均呈下降趋势,并且在微观结构上呈现更加松散形态。此外,超声作用对果胶组分特征官能团影响较小,但对螯合型果胶和碱溶性果胶分子的结构和链构象产生作用,使其最大响应值发生移动,并且超声功率作用影响更大。超声作用可使葡萄细胞壁中果胶含量及单糖含量降低,并影响果胶分子线性结构和分子链构象。该结果可为进一步研究超声处理下葡萄干制品品质变化提供理论依据。

Study on Improving the Internal Quality of Tobacco Stems by Using Pectinase

[Objective] This study aimed to reduce the content of cell wall materials in tobacco stems and improve their internal quality. [Method] Pectinase was used to decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, followed by determination of the contents of four cell wall materials, six routine chemical components, as well as aroma constituents. [Result] Pectinase could effectively reduce the contents of cell wall materials in tobacco stems, with the largest decrease of 6.84%; after pectinase treatment,the content of reducing sugar in tobacco stems increased obviously, and the contents of total sugar, potassium ion, chloride ion and total nitrogen increased to varying degrees, of which the contents of potassium ion and reducing sugar displayed upward trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. Pectinase treatment significantly increased the contents of Maillard reaction products, with the most increase of 67.2%;the contents of carotenoid degradation products, phenylalanine degradation products and neophytadiene all increased to varying extents, and the contents of both Maillard reaction products and phenylalanine degradation products revealed ascending trends with the increase of pectinase concentration. [Conclusion] Pectinase treatment can effectively decompose cell wall materials in tobacco stems, improve routine chemical constituents, and increase the contents of aroma constituents.