素质育化 育人理性化

素质育化工程的实施,使得学校教育有四个方面的突破:1、让学生能力的培养由单一性、片面性向多元性、全面性转变;2、使学生素质的提高由盲目性、无序性向目的性、有序性转变;3、对学生素质的评定由模糊性、笼统性向明晰性、细量化转变;4、构建高素质感化人的校园环境,营造精品位韬养人的文化氛围。从而让高校教育变得更加完善、更加理性化。

一种8位1 GS/s折叠内插A/D转换器

基于TSMC 0.18μm CMOS工艺,采用两级级联的折叠内插结构,设计了一种8位1GS/s折叠内插A/D转换器。在预放大器阵列输出端引入失调平均网络,优化了预放大器阵列的输入对管尺寸,以补偿边界预放大器的增益衰减。在折叠电路中引入幅度补偿电路,以增加较小的电路功耗为代价改善了电路的带宽限制,提高了增益及输出线性范围。分析了内插平均电阻网路中的高倍内插误差,通过优化内插电阻值,实现了内插输出失调的减小,保证了系统良好的精度特性。仿真结果表明,在采样率为1GS/s、输入正弦波频率为465.82 MHz的条件下,该8位折叠内插A/D转换器的有效位数能够达到7.31位,功耗为290mW。

Study on the Quantity Dynamic Changes of Heterobacteria and Vibrios in Larvae Industrialized Culture System

[ Objective ] The dynamic change of heterobacteria and vibrios in larvae industrialized culture system was studied to provide scientific reference for healthy cultivation of shrimp. [ Method ] The heterobacteria, vibrios and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus were monitored in larvae industrialized culture system. [ Result] The heterobacteria, vibrios and pathogenic vibrio parahaemolyticus were the most in fertilized eggs of shrimp but the least in nauplius, then their number would increase with growth. During whole rearing period, both boterobacteria in larvae, vibrios in water would increase by one order of magnitude, while both vibrios in larvae and heterobacteria in water would increase by two orders of magnitude. There were many heterobacteria and vibrios but few vibrio parahaemolyticus in living bait. The correlation coefficients between larvae and heterobacteria and vibrios in water were 0. 704 and 0. 840 in culture system respectively, while the correlation among heterobacteria, vibrios in living bait and larvae, water were weak or negative. [ Conclusion ] There was a dynamic relation between water and larvae in rearing period, and restrictly control of culture condition would restrain the occurrence of disease caused by vibrio parahaemolyticus, besides that bacteria number in bait was not obviously correlated with bacteria nubmer in culture system.

Prognostic Significance of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients' Survival

Objective： To observe the relationship between non-small cell lung cancer with neuroendrocrine differentiation （NSCLC-NE） and patients＇ postoperative survival. Methods： During April 1997 to April 1999, 98 cases of hlng cancer were surgically treated. The tumor specimens of the patients were stained by NE markers, i.e. neuron specific enolase （NSE） and synaptophysin （SY）. The intensity of NE markers reaction was divided as ＂＋＂. ＂＋＋＂. ＂＋＋＋＂ scale groups. The same specimens were also examined under an electron microscope for the specific neuroendocrine granules. All enrolled patients were followed up for 36 months, and the longest follow-up time was 60 months. The COX proportional hazard model multivariate analysis was applied to observe the relationship between the NSCLE-NE and the patients＇ postoperative survival. Results： In 91 cases of NSCLC, 63.7% （58/91） were positive for NE stain reaction. Among them, 59.3% （54/91） were positive for NSE and 24.1% （22/91） for SY. 48.4% （44/91） were considered as NSCLC-NE by the combination of NE inarker stain reaction and electron microscopic examination. COX proportional hazard model lnnltivariate analysis showed that the NSCLC-NE patients＇ survival was significantly shortened （P=0.048）. The following factors were related to NSCLC-NE patients＇ survival： lung cancer cell differentiation （P=0.006）, clinical lung cancer stage （P=0.001）, the NE markers reaction （P=0.054）. Conclusion： NSCLE-NE is significantly related to the cancer cell differentiation and the patients＇ postoperative survival. The NE markers should be applied clinically as one of prognostic factors to evaluate the postoperative survival of NSCLC patients.

Xeno-free derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells： current status, problems and challenges

Human embryonic stem cells （hESC） not only hold great promise for the treatment of degenerative diseases but also provide a valuable tool for developmental studies. However, the clinical applications of hESC are at present limited by xeno-contamination during the in vitro derivation and propagation of these cells. In this review, we summarize the current methodologies for the derivation and the propagation of hESC in conditions that will eventually enable the generation of clinical-grade cells for future therapeutic applications.

Impact of comorbid anxiety and depression on quality of life and cellular immunity changes in patients with digestive tract cancers

AIM:A study was performed to investigate the impact of comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD) on quality of life (QOL) and cellular immunity changes in patients with digestive tract cancers. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-six cases of both sexes with cancers of the digestive tract admitted between March 2001 and February 2004 in the Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were randomly enrolled in the study. Depressive and anxiety disorder diagnoses were assessed by using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. All adult patients were evaluated with the Hamilton depressive scale (HAMD, the 24-item version), the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA, a modified 14-item version), quality of life questionnaire-core 30 (QLQ-C30), social support rating scale (SSRS), simple coping style questionnaire (SCSQ), and other questionnaires, respectively. In terms of HAMD ≥ 20 and HAMA ≥ 14, the patients were categorized, including CAD (n = 31) in group A, anxiety disorder (n = 23) in group B, depressive disorder (n = 37) in group C, and non-disorder (n = 65) in group D. Immunological parameters such as T-lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cell activities in peripheral blood were determined and compared among the four groups. RESULTS: The incidence of CAD was 21.15% in patients with digestive tract cancers. The average scores of social support was 43.67±7.05 for 156 cases, active coping 20.34±7.33, and passive coping 9.55±5.51. Compared with group D, subjective support was enhanced slightly in group A, but social support, objective support, and utilization of support reduced, especially utilization of support with significance (6.16 vs7.80, P<0.05); total scores of active coping decreased, while passive coping reversed; granulocytes proliferated, monocytes declined, and lymphocytes declined significantly (32.87 vs 34.00, P<0.05); moreover, the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD56 in T lymphocyte subsets was in lower level, respectively, and CD56 showed a significant decline in group A (26.02 vs 32.20, P<0.05), however, CD4/CD8 ratio increased. Physical function, role function, fatigue, sleeplessness and constipation had significant changes among different groups by one-way ANOVA, and group A was in poor QOL. It revealed that global health-related quality of life (QL) were positively correlated with active coping and CD56; CAD was negatively correlated with QL, active coping and CD56. Furthermore, the step-wise regression analysis suggested that utilization of support, CD56, active coping, fatigue, sleeplessness and depression were significant factors contributing to QOL. CONCLUSION: CAD, which can impair QOL and cellular immunity, occurs with a higher incidence in patients with digestive tract cancers. Hence, it is essential to improve mental health for them with specifically tailored interventions.

EFFECTS OF HARVEST STAGE ON THE TOTAL LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FOUR CYLINDROTHECA STRAINS

Four strains of Cylindrotheca (B156, B164, B196, and B200) were harvested at three phases in the growth curve and their total lipid and fatty acid composition were determined. Total lipid reached highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (24.0%), B164 (26.6%) and B200 (17.3%), in the exponential phase in B196 (15.5%). Saturated fatty acids increased with the development of the culture in B156 and B196, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B156 (41.7%) and B196 (45.1%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (45.4%) and B200 (37.6%). Monounsaturated fatty acids increased with the development of the culture in B196 and B200, and reached their highest values in the late stationary phase in B196 (32.4%) and B200 (32.8%), in the early stationary phase in B164 (31.0%) and in the exponential phase in B156 (29.3%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased in the later phases of the culture in B164, B196 and B200, and peaked in the exponential phase in B164 (29.5%), B196 (42.9%) and B200 (37.3%), and in the early stationary phase in B156 (32.0%).

Effects of Duck Tembusu Virus on Serum Biochemical Indexes, Cytokines and Viral Replication of Ducklings

In order to understand the pathogenicity of duck Tembusu virus （DTMUV）, it was injected into muscle of 5-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings according to the dosage of 1×104 EID50. Then, the biochemical indexes of duckling serum samples were determined by kits, and the changes in detoxification, tissue viral load and cytokines were detected by using fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that DTMUV had serious damage to the liver, kidney, heart and muscle of ducklings; DTMUV could proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung and brain; the virus levels in the liver and brain reached the peaks on day 5 after the inoculation and those in the lung and spleen reached the peaks on day 9; the virus content was highest in the brain, liver and spleen; and DTMUV induced the overexpression of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-6, IFN-β, IL-1β, TLR-7,IL-2, major histocompatibility complex type I （MHC-I） andmajor histocompatibility complex type II （MHC-II） in the spleen on day 1 and the overexpression of IL-6 and IL-2 in the brain on days 1, 2 and 3.

Comparative quantification of human intestinal bacteria based on cPCR and LDR/LCR

AIM: To establish a multiple detection method based on comparative polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and ligase detection reaction (LDR)/ligase chain reaction (LCR) to quantify the intestinal bacterial components. METHODS: Comparative quantification of 16S rDNAs from different intestinal bacterial components was used to quantify multiple intestinal bacteria. The 16S rDNAs of different bacteria were amplified simultaneously by cPCR. The LDR/LCR was examined to actualize the genotyping and quantification. Two beneficial (Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus ) and three conditionally pathogenic bacteria (Enterococcus , Enterobacterium and Eubacterium ) were used in this detection. With cloned standard bacterial 16S rDNAs, standard curves were prepared to validate the quantitative relations between the ratio of original concentrations of two templates and the ratio ofthe fluorescence signals of their final ligation products. The internal controls were added to monitor the whole detection flow. The quantity ratio between two bacteria was tested. RESULTS: cPCR and LDR revealed obvious linear correlations with standard DNAs, but cPCR and LCR did not. In the sample test, the distributions of the quantity ratio between each two bacterial species were obtained. There were significant differences among these distributions in the total samples. But these distributions of quantity ratio of each two bacteria remained stable among groups divided by age or sex. CONCLUSION: The detection method in this study can be used to conduct multiple intestinal bacteria genotyping and quantification, and to monitor the human intestinal health status as well.

Photosynthetic efficiency, cell volume, and elemental stoichiometric ratios in Thalassirosira weissflogii under phosphorus limitation

Nutrient limitation is known to inhibit growth and metabolism and to alter elemental stoichiometric ratios in phytoplankton. In this study, physiological changes in Thalassirosira weissflogii were measured under different dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) regimes in semi-continuous cultures to revisit the utility of the Redfield ratio for assessing nutrient limitation. The results showed that cell size increased with decreasing DIP availability. In the P-depleted treatment (f/2-P) the cell size was 1.48 times larger than that in the P-limited (f/100) treatment and 2.67 times larger than that in the P-saturated treatment (f/2 and f/10). The fucoxanthin to chlorophyll a ratio (Fuco/chl a) was relatively stable (about 0.3) in P-saturated cultures and was 10 times higher than that in P-limited and P-depleted cultures. During the experimental period, the photosynthetic efficiency index, ?F/Fm′, was relatively stable at ~0.50 in the P-saturated cultures, but quickly declined with decreasing DIP availability. Although cellular P content showed a significant difference between the P-saturated culture (1.6 pg/cell) and the P-limited culture (0.7 pg/cell), the N/P ratio in T. weissflogii did not show a trend with DIP availability and fluctuated slightly around 25. Our results suggest that cell division in T. weissflogii is not strictly size-gated but is probably regulated by a biochemical, and hence, an elemental stoichiometric ratio threshold, and that deviation of the cellular N/P ratio from the Redfield ratio is not a reliable indicator of algal nutrient stress.

Competition between TRAF2 and TRAF6 Regulates NF-κB Activation in Human B Lymphocytes

Objective To investigate the role of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF-2) and TRAF6 in CD40-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and whether CD40 signaling requires TRAF2. Methods Human B cell lines were transfected with plasmids expressing wild type TRAF2 or dominant negative TRAF2,TRAF2-shRNA,or TRAF6-shRNA. The activation of NF-κB was detected by Western blot,kinase assay,transfactor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Analysis of the role of TRAF-2 and TRAF-6 in CD40-mediated NF-κB activity was examined following stimulation with recombinant CD154. Results TRAF2 induced activity of IκB-kinases (IKKα,IKKi/ε),phosphorylation of IκBα,as well as nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65/RelA. In contrast,TRAF6 strongly induced NF-κB activation and nuclear translocation of p65 as well as p50 and c-Rel. Engagement of CD154-induced nuclear translocation of p65 was inhibited by a TRAF6-shRNA,but conversely was enhanced by a TRAF2-shRNA. Examination of direct interactions between CD40 and TRAFs by FRET documented that both TRAF2 and TRAF6 directly interacted with CD40. However,the two TRAFs competed for CD40 binding. Conclusions These results indicate that TRAF2 can signal in human B cells,but it is not essential for CD40-mediated NF-κB activation. Moreover,TRAF2 can compete with TRAF6 for CD40 binding,and thereby limit the capacity of CD40 engagement to induce NF-κB activation.

Influence of Conditions on Reuterin Accumulation by the Resting Cell Biotransformation Process

3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde （3-HPA） is a potential valuable chemical and new broad-spectrum antim-icrobial substance. In order to improve the conversion of 3-HPA/glycerol, our work studied the two-step process from glycerol to 3-HPA, and investigated the influence of cell harvest time, glycerol concentration, biomass con-centration, pH and temperature on the production of 3-HPA by Lactobacillus reuteri CG001, respectively. The re-sults showed that molar conversion yield of 3-HPA/glycerol reached 97.9% under the condition that 200 mmol·L-1 glycerol was converted by 25.3 g·L-1 resting cell for 1 h at 30 ℃. The cells could not be reused directly because the L. reuteri almost lost its bioconversion activity completely, but the ability of glycerol conversion could gradually recover if the fresh medium was added to the deactivated cell for 4 h.

Efficient Resource Allocation Scheme to Maximise Number of Users with Quality of Service Demands in Small Cells

Small cells have been regarded as an appealing technique to boost resource reuse ratio. On the other hand, their large-scale and self-organised tendency would complicate the interference environment of mobile networks. Meanwhile, traffic class is booming in recent years, which leads to higher demand for net- work designers on Quality of Service （QoS） provision, and therefore users＇ diverse re- quirements may not be guaranteed in sucff＇an interference limited scenario. To maximise the number of users with QoS demands as well as resource reuse ratio, we formulate the resource allocation problem into a multi-objective l0 norm form. It is shown to be NP hard, and an iterative method is employed to approach the optimal solution. Because of its limit of being not adaptive to large-scale networks, we also design a heuristic method based on chordal graph, which, however, could result in per- formance loss when the size of networks is small. Finally, by combining these two meth- ods, we devise a hybrid algorithm such that the allocation performs both efficiently and effectively. Simulation results illustrate the performance of our proposed methods in terms of outage probability and resource reuse ratio.

Chemo-sensitivity-enhancing effects of low dose Glycididazolum natrium on patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer during intervention

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether low dose Glycididazolum natrium (CMNa) used during intervention for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients can enhance chemo-sensitivity and to evaluate its clinical value. Methods: One hundred and twenty cases of advanced NSCLC patients treated by intervention chemotherapy through bronchial artery, collected from 2005 to 2008, were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (group A), 75 cases, 0.25g CMNa was administered before chemical drugs; control group (group B), 45 cases, chemical drugs only. There were no differences of operation procedures and chemo-regimens between the two groups. After intervention, imaging and clinical data were collected periodically and were processed statistically. Results: The effective rate of group A was higher than that of group B (P < 0.05). Responsive rate (RR) in group A was 61% and it was 38% in group B. There were some side effects in the two groups but there were no statistical differences. Conclusion: Low dose CMNa can enhance chemosensitivity during intervention, which can elevate chemotherapeutical effects on NSCLC. Meanwhile the side effects were not increased. This method is worthy of popularizing.

An update on iron physiology

Iron is an essential micronutrient, as it is required for adequate erythropoietic function, oxidative metabolism and cellular immune responses. Although the absorption of dietary iron (1-2 mg/d) is regulated tightly, it is just balanced with losses. Therefore, internal turnover of iron is essential to meet the requirements for erythropoiesis (20-30 mg/d). Increased iron requirements, limited external supply, and increased blood loss may lead to iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia. Hepcidin, which is made primarily in hepatocytes in response to liver iron levels, inflammation, hypoxia and anemia, is the main iron regulatory hormone. Once secreted into the circulation, hepcidin binds ferroportin on enterocytes and macrophages, which triggers its internalization and lysosomal degradation. Thus, in chronic inflammation, the excess of hepcidin decreases iron absorption and prevents iron recycling, which results in hypoferremia and iron-restricted erythropoiesis, despite normal iron stores (functional ID), and anemia of chronic disease (ACD), which can evolve to ACD plus true ID (ACD + ID). In contrast, low hepcidin expression may lead to iron overload, and vice versa. Laboratory tests provide evidence of iron depletion in the body, or reflect iron-deficient red cell production. The appropriate combination of these laboratory tests help to establish a correct diagnosis of ID status and anemia.

Grain refinement and plastic formability of Mg-14Li-1Al alloy

Al-5Ti-1B master alloy was added into Mg-14Li-1Al(LA141)alloy and then LA141 sheets were prepared by extrusion and cold rolling.The effect of the addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy on the grain size of LA141 alloy was investigated as well as the effects of the total reduction of cold rolling and the annealing temperature on microstructure,mechanical properties and plastic formability of the LA141 sheets.The results show that the optimal addition level of Al-5Ti-1B master alloy into LA141 alloy is 1.25%(mass fraction)and LA141 alloy has the finest grains.With the increase of the total reduction of cold rolling,the grains of the as-rolled LA141 sheets were flattened gradually.A proper anneal temperature of 200℃ is obtained for the cold rolled LA141 sheets. Under this condition,microstructure of the LA141 sheets consists of fine and uniform equiaxed grains and has higher Erichsen cupping index(IE).

Effect of Garlic Paste Added to Yoghurt of Cow Milk

Yoghurt has greater popularity among fermented milk products. The development of fruit and fiavoured yoghurt resulted in this product of major importance in markets. Garlic is a common food spice and herbal medicine for preventing of many human diseases. This study was conducted to analyze physicochemical properties of yoghurt by incorporating of garlic paste at different concentrations. Yoghurt mixtures were prepared with 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3% garlic paste, and without garlic paste as a control. They were subjected into chemical, sensorial and microbial assessment during the storage period of four weeks. At the first week, the chemical attributes, such as ash, dry matter, total sugar, reducing sugar and pH show significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in 3% garlic added yoghurt. On the other hand, titrable acidity was higher in yoghurt made without garlic paste. At the fourth week of storage period, 3% garlic added yoghurt received higher mean value for ash, dry matter, total sugar, reducing sugar and pH. Similarly, yoghurt made without garlic received higher mean value for titrable acidity. Garlic reduced the bacterial load in the yoghurt, as bacterial count was decreased with increase in the concentration of garlic paste. Finally, organoleptic assessment revealed that there were （P 〈 0.05） changes among the treatments in the sensory attributes. Although, yoghurt made from 1% of garlic at the first week of storage showed the best overall acceptability compared with other all treatments, such as values of ash, dry matter, total sugar and reducing sugar were 0.61%±0.05%, 14.73% ± 3%, 12.7% ± 1.57% and 1.86% ± 0.19%, respectively.

Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation

AIM: To investigate whether the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates expression of liver cystathionase (CSE), a gene involved in hydrogen sulfi de (H2S) generation. METHODS: The regulation of CSE expression in response to FXR ligands was evaluated in HepG2 cells and in wild-type and FXR null mice treated with 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid (6E-CDCA), a synthetic FXR ligand. The analysis demonstrated an FXR responsive element in the 5'-flanking region of the human CSE gene. The function of this site was investigated by luciferase reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Livers obtained from rats treated with carbon tetrachloride alone, or in combination with 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid, were studied for hydrogen sulphide generation and portal pressure measurement. RESULTS: Liver expression of CSE is regulated by bile acids by means of an FXR-mediated mechanism. Western blotting, qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, as well as immunohistochemical analysis, showed that expression of CSE in HepG2 cells and in mice is induced by treatment with an FXR ligand. Administration of 6E-CDCA to carbon tetrachloride treated rats protected against the down-regulation of CSE expression, increased H2S generation, reduced portal pressure and attenuated the endothelial dysfunction of isolated and perfused cirrhotic rat livers. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that CSE is an FXR-regulated gene and provide a new molecular explanation for the pathophysiology of portal hypertension.

Lysine-specific Demethylase 1 Represses THP-1 Monocyte-to-macrophage Differentiation

Objective To investigate the role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 （LSD1） in the process of THP-1 monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Methods Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR） and Western blotting were performed to analyze the expression of LSD1 and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in THP-1 monocytes and THP-l-derived macrophages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation （ChiP） assay was applied to detect the occupancy of LSD1 and H3K4 methylation at IL-6 promoter during THP-1 monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. IL-6 mRNA level and H3K4 methylation at IL-6 promoter were analyzed using qRT-PCR and ChiP assay in LSD 1 -knockdown THP- 1 cells treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate （TPA） for 0 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Fluorescence activated flow cytometry was performed to reveal the percentage of macrophages differentiated from THP- 1 monocytes. Results The expression of LSD1 reduced during THP-1 monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation （P〈0.01）. LSD1 occupancy decreased and H3K4 methylation increased at IL-6 promoter during the differentiation. With knockdown of LSD1, H3K4 methylation at IL-6 promoter was found increased after TPA treatment at different times points （all P〈0.05, except 24 hours）. The percentage of macrophages increased significantly in theTHP-I cells with LSD1 knockdown （P〈0.05）. Conclusions LSD1 is repressed during the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells. Suppression of LSD 1-mediated H3K4 demethylation may be required for THP-1 monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.

Structural insights of mechanically induced aluminum-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by Rietveld refinement

Aluminum doped hydroxyapatite （HA：AI3 ＋） nanopowders were successfully prepared via a simple and efficient one-pot mechanochemical route. The effects of dopant loading on phase compositions and structural features were assessed by Rietveld analysis. The XRD-Rietveld refinement revealed the stabilization of HA in hexagonal structure for all the samples. The sharpness and intensity of the apatite-derived XRD peaks decreased as the dopant content increased to 10% due to the increase in lattice imperfections and mechanically induced amorphization. The incorpo- ration of A13 ＋ into the HA lattice decreased the unit cell parameters. From the FfiR measurements, the representing bands of apatite were identified in all cases. The mechanosynthesized nanopowders consisted of nanospheroids with an average size of 44 - 20 nm and therefore are promising for bone tissue regeneration.