释“当户织”

对《木兰诗》中“当户织”的解释传统观点多为“对着门织布”,细考文义,其正确释义应为“承担着家里织布的活”。

高阳织布业的历史和现状

高阳土布历史悠久,名扬中外,是中国近现代乡村工业发展的一个典型。了解它的过去和现状,研究它兴衰变化的原因,对充分认识发展农村商品生产的意义及如何采取正确的措施促其稳步前进等方面,将会得到有益的启示。 解放前高阳织布业发展概况 在解放前近半个世纪的时间里,高阳织布业经历了三起三落的曲折变化过程。 1908年以前,高阳同我国其它许多地区的农村一样,农民在自己家里用土纱和老式木机织布。产品只供家庭自用,剩余方才拿到集市出售,停留在耕织结合的自然经济范围以内。 1909年后由于洋纱和足踏机输入高阳,生产效率提高,较之从事农作收入多,大批剩余劳动力投入织布生产,放纱收布的商人雇主应运而生。在纱布庄的控制下,开始形成以高阳为中心的织布生产专业区域。 高阳布业的初次兴盛是在1915——1920年期间。由于第一次世界大战的爆发,外货输入减少。高阳布由于技术改进,质量提高,在市场上供不应求。1920年时高阳县的布机增至4300台,产布达100万匹。

直隶工艺总局与高阳织布业

从清光绪末年至第一次世界大战的短短十年间,冀中平原上出现了以高阳县为中心的,包括安新、任邱、清苑、蠡县诸县的五百来个村庄的高阳织布区,这就是“高阳布业”的所在地。高阳布业有着顽强的生命力,在资本主义洋纱布的打击和国内同行业的竞争中站稳了脚跟,在世界经济危机的震动和冲击下,虽几经沧桑,仍能立于狂风恶浪之中,成为华北著名的乡村工业中心。对于她的崛起和兴盛,有不少论著,而关于直隶工艺总局对高阳布业崛起所产生的不容忽视的作用,却论述很少。本文就这一问题作一探讨。

民国初年山东手工棉纺织业生产关系初探

鸦片战争以后,山东手工棉纺织业在外国资本主义经济侵略下变化是巨大的,原有的古老的手纺业、手织业不断遭到破坏,在农民和家庭手工业的旧式自足性的结合基础不断加剧地遭到破坏的过程中,随之而来的是资本主义手工棉纺织业在城乡的扩展,随着手工棉纺织业的变化,其内部的各种生产关系也在变化着。

论两宋乡村产业的专业化分工趋势

“(社会)分工是商品生产存在的条件”。 在中国古代自然经济的典型结构中,农副业之间的分工,往往只存在于个体生产单位的内部——特别是家庭内部,例如男耕女织之类。农户以“耕织”结合而自给的经济形态,在宋代仍很普遍。且看两浙路——即使是农业十分进步、商业异常繁荣的太湖东岸,淳熙间亦,颇多“昼出耕耘夜绩麻”之家。尤其是村巷老者,更津津然以自给自足为乐:“长衫布缕如霜雪,云是家机自织成”。江西路筠州,亦尽“男课犁锄女绩麻”之户。

中国近代手工业的发展趋势

手工业自身的一切形式的发展,并不等于资本主义经济结构的成长,它只是在一定历史条件下社会经济向资本主义结构转变的过渡形式之一。然而,中国近代手工业的发展,在变换了的环境中却没有趋向资本主义的近代化转变。这一状况和性质,对中国近代社会经济结构的演变具有不可忽视的影响。笔者曾提出,近代中国的贫困化经济、造就了近代手工业发展的深厚的内在基础。本文欲以其发展归宿的分析。

西安市农研会研讨村级财务管理

西安市农村财政研究会近期组织户县、临潼区、周至县、长安县财政局农财科和农研会同志,进行了村级财务管理的调查研究。每个县、区都选择了一两个经济发展较快的重点行政村,对财务管理的现状和存在问题,进行了深入的调查,并提出加强管理的措施,写成书面报告。

The Study on Innovation Model Characteristics and Function Enhancement of “Leading Grain Enterprises+Farmers” in New Circumstances——an Investigation and Analysis on Major Grainproducing Areas in Hubei Province

ln the context of comprehensively deepening the reform, and integration of three The first, second and third industry sectors in rural areas, the research took major grain-producing areas in Hubei as an example, analyzed dominant grain in-dustrialization models “leading grain enterprises＋farmers”, and revealed its character-istics, advantages, and approaches for function reinforcement. The research is so meaningful, practical y or in future.

Cost Sharing Based Truthful Spectrum Auction with Collusion-Proof

Spectrum auction is an important approach of spectrum distribution in cognitive radio networks. However, a single secondary user(SU) probably can't afford the price of spectrum. Multiple SUs grouping together to participate in the auction as a whole is helpful to increase purchasing power. However, SUs could suffer from a new group cheating problem, i.e., parts of users conspire to manipulate the auction by submitting untruthful bids. Existing auction mechanisms were mainly designed to be strategy-proof only for individual user and can't deal with group cheating. In this paper, a novel spectrum auction mechanism called COSTAG(COst Sharing based Truthful Auction with Group-buying) is proposed to address the group cheating problem. COSTAG consists of a grouping rule to perform grouping and a payment rule to determine the market-clearing price in the spectrum auction. Different from single-echelon pricing approach employed in existing works, a multi-echelon pricing strategy is designed to increase the transaction rate and optimize social profit for the auction. Comprehensive theoretical analysis shows that COSTAG can satisfy the crucial economic robustness properties, both individual and group truthfulness. Simulations demonstrate that comparing with existing works, COSTAG can improve the system performance significantly.

Use of Facility Management as a Competitive Advantage in the Organizational Environment

Facility management has been widely used in corporations during the last decade and has undergone major changes. Some companies have decided to no longer outsource such services, managing more closely and assertively with a focus on cost reduction and delivery quality. At this point, there are many difficulties in the implementation of a structured maintenance, which results in generating effort, costs and delay in servicing internal customers. Currently, there are very few specialized courses in facility management in Brazil. The search for skills has become increasingly important taking into account increasingly competitive markets. The main objective of this article is to show the importance and the challenges of a good facility management, the impact on the Core business of the company and the risks of an implementation without well-defined processes.

Inclusive Development in Latin America and Smallholders＇ Interactive Learning Spaces

Inclusive development appears as a challenge in Latin America countries after the rupture of the social inclusion as a trickle-down effect of the economic growth. Searching development with inclusion, several public policies were implemented in Latin American during the last 10 years focusing on the agri-food production. In order to assess the progress to reach such objectives, two cases are studied. Smallholder milk producers at the Loma Blanca community （Mexico） and smallholders olive producers at Aimogasta （Argentina） were considered. Interactive learning spaces were clearly identified as consequence of the linking among product, producers, and territory. The empirical evidence leaves to see a reflexive attachment between actor and activity in the both studied cases. Differences between dynamics in ILS （Interactive Learning Spaces） of each one of the studied cases were found. Nevertheless, opportunity windows are still opened in order to achieve successful interventions. Why does the small producer continue existing as such？ Why do the small producers remain in small scale rather than creating scale or exiting from the market？ These, and others, are trigger questions through which government and non-government organization can drive their action in the field.

1930—1937年间中国手工棉织业的衰落

手工棉织业在中国近代手工业中占有举足轻重的地位,从1930年至战日抗争前夕,明显衰落。本文以丰富的史料,对其衰落的原因和后果等,作了系统的探索和论证,并认为应当把这种衰落作为30年代全面的经济危机的一部分来看待。

Integrated Control of Meloidogyne Incognita Infesting Tomato Plants Using Callus Powders Derived from Certain Plants Either Alone or in Combination with Oxamyl under Out-Door Conditions

The effect of four dried callus powders derived from certain plants, i.e. tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum; periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus; thorne apple, Datura stramonium and oleander, Nerium oleander applied separately or concomitantly with oxamyl at a half of the recommended dose each on tomato seedlings grown in soil naturally heavy infested with M. incognita under field conditions, indicated that dried callus powder derived from N. oleander either alone or mixed with oxamyl significantly surpassed the other tested treatments in improving percentages of increase in whole plant fresh and shoot dry weights as well as increasing numbers and weights of fruits. Concerning other treatments including oxamyl at a half of recommended dose with each tested callus powder, similar results were evident regarding tomato plant growth parameters. C. roseus plus oxamyl achieved the highest percentage of increase in whole plant fresh weight （141.4%） and shoot dry weight （189.7%） and ranked second to N. oleander ＋ oxamyl in this respect over the untreated plants, respectively. One the other hand, among all tested materials single application of either L. esculentum or oxamyl gave the least values of such criteria which averaged 34.4% and 61.7% or 39.5% and 11.2%, respectively. All tested treatments significantly reduced the total number of galls, egg-masses and eggs in egg-masses especially, dried callus powder of N. oleander which applied singly or combined with oxamyl. The least values of reduction percentages of galls and eggs in egg-masses among all treatments were recorded from tomato plant received dried callus powders of L. esculentum applied alone or concomitant with oxamyl.

Understanding BitTorrent Through Real Measurements

In this paper, we present the resuks of the BitTorrent measurement study. Two sources of BitTorrent data were utilised： meta- data files and the logs of one of the currently most popular BitTorrent clients--gTorrent. Experimental data were collected for fifteen days from the popular torrent-discovery site thepiratebay.org （more than 30 000 torrents were captured and analysed）. During this pe- riod the activity and logs of an unmodified version of μTorrent client downloading ses- sions were also captured. The obtained ex- perimental results are swarm-oriented, which allows us to look at BitTorrent and its users from an exchanged resources perspective. Moreover, comparative analysis of the clients＇ connections with and without the μTP proto- col is carried out to verify the extent to which μTP improves BitTorrent transmissions. To the authors＇ best knowledge, none of the previous studies have addressed these issues.

Enterprise Content Management with Information Architecture： Guidelines to Structure the Information Assets

CM （contelat management） is a strategic discipline that should support the information assets of a company. Although there are some technological instruments structuring this work, the methods that have been used must have improvement to a better use. In this sense, IA （information architecture）, as a process that helps users to manage and find information, can collaborate with the organization of this assets allowing the best identification and categorization of information, as well as providing improvements in the website navigation in Intranets and Internet. This article introduces part of a research that deals with the use of IA for developing and structuring the project of Dataprev about the content management for Brazilian social security system.

Carbon Monoxide Exposure during Cooking in Households： A Case of Dares Salaam City, Tanzania

Exposure to CO （carbon monoxide） during cooking in households using LPG （liquefied petroleum gas）, natural gas and charcoal as fuels has been conducted. The study aimed at assessing the indoor air quality in order to address potential hazards associated with CO. Carbon monoxide concentrations and flame temperature were measured at an interval of 1 min for 1 h using CO and thermometer data loggers respectively. While the CO concentration from LPG and natural gas were found below 26 ppm for 1 h, as recommended by WHO （World Health Organization） standards, the average CO concentration from charcoal exceeded the standard limit. In addition closing the kitchen door during cooking increased the CO concentration from 26-295 ppm to 92-597 ppm. According to WHO, the observed CO concentrations from charcoal stove highlights questionable life support atmosphere. It can therefore be suggested that switching to LPG or natural gas from charcoal will reduce CO exposure to persons during cooking.

略谈贵州民族地区棉纺织业的发展

贵州民族地区棉纺织业出现较早、史载,明时已有。当时黔东南的黎平府,黔南的都匀府都种棉。黎平府的侗族织出了“侗布”,都匀府各族人民曾用“搬梭”织出了青、白、蓝等三种色布。 前清开始发展。特别是1742年(乾隆七年)清政府“立法劝民纺织”和川湘滇桂邻省棉花与植棉技术传来以后,发展还很不错。当时黔西南的兴义、兴仁、贞丰,黔南的都匀、独山、定番(今惠水),黔东南的黎平、锦屏、天柱、丹寨、台拱(今台江),古州(今榕江)、青溪(今属镇远),以及镇宁、永宁(今属关岭)、归化(今紫云)

广西近代手工业的演变

解放前的广西,封建经济占着统治地位,手工业和农业成了国民经济的两大基本生产部门。手工业在国民经济中所占的比重仅次于农业。解放以后,广西的手工业,有一部分已经为现代工业所代替,但很大一部分不仅继续存在,而且还有发展价值,它对于国计民生和外贸出口有不小作用。因此,探讨一下广西近代手工业的演变问题,对于了解广西近代社会的经济结构概况,为当前手工业的发展提供借鉴,也许是有意义的。