经与文的碰撞——论清前期《左传》专书评点的“离经义化”

清前期的《左传》专书评点体现出"离经义化"的倾向:从评点目的上说,偏向将《左传》作为初学作文的范本;从评点内容上说,析文法的总体比重大大增加;从评点方式上说,个人的审美体悟与感受居多。这一倾向的生成与此期经学发展的纠葛状况和评点学发展大势密切相关。对《左传》态度的不一、发扬义理与崇尚考据共存、义例解经与以事解经共存的局面限制了《左传》经学研究的发展,使得文学评点有了更大发展空间。选文和评文的重心继续由关注文章义理向关注文章章法技巧转变、文法评点的理论化和系统化以及两种阐发经义的路径表现使得"离经义化"有了发展土壤。不过,"离经义化"背后的《左传》文学评点并未延续兴盛的局面,官方对《左传》经义研究的坚守使得《左传》的文学评点颇觉无奈。

唐代度量衡赋与唐前咏物赋“移德”笔法初探

从现存作品来看,度量衡赋是唐代辞赋创作中独有的题材。这种题材的出现与唐代社会经济的发展和度量衡制度的统一关系密切,同时也与科举制度和唐代知识分子广阔的视野有关。唐代度量衡赋的内容主要集中在度量衡的源流追溯、度量衡的规制、度量衡的社会、政治、经济、文化意义等几个方面。在创作取向方面,唐代度量衡赋表现出明显的人文化、经义化色彩。唐代度量衡赋是自汉魏六朝以来,咏物赋"移德"笔法发展的一个新阶段。在这个阶段,"移德"笔法出现的新变化,标志着辞赋由体制外创作走向了体制内创作。辞赋自此走上了下行的道路。

From the Romantic Sea to the Sea as the Global Commons＂ Portrayals of the Waterbody in Longfellow, Melville, and Ian Wedde

This article discusses the representation of the sea in selected works of W. H. Longfellow, Herman Melville, and lan Wedde, tracing its transformation from a romantic icon to a global commons. Despite differences in their portrayals, all three artists find stagnation alongside vitality in the ebb and flow or the rolling of the sea. Similar to Longfellow, Melville romanticizes the sea in Moby-Dick as an ultimate sanctuary, the domain of reveries. At the same time, Melville also portrays the sea as a global commons where U.S. capitalism dominates the global order and exploits the resources. In addressing the environmental issues such as the possibility of whales＇ extinction, Melville echoes ＂the tragedy of the commons＂ lamented by Garrett Hardin. Queequeg, the ＂primitive＂ man who saves Ishmael from the wolfish industrial capitalism is thought to be modeled after a MAori from New Zealand. Today, the M^ori＇s ancestral sea-based culture is threatened by economic globalization. Wedde, a New Zealand poet, confronted the plans to construct an aluminum smelter in his country. His poem juxtaposes themes of precariousness and desolation with resilience and defiant survival, a motif mirrored in Longfellow＇s and Melville＇s portrayals of the sea.

The"Belt and Road"Initiative:A Chinese Concept for Global Development

China＇s ＂Belt and Road＂ initiative is emerging as the Western-dominated world order is declining. Capitalism has intensified the rich-poor divide and power politics have led to great upheavals. Western values have caused a ＂value dislocation＂ for non-Western countries. The world is calling for new development concepts. The ＂Belt and Road＂ initiative has emerged as an answer. It embodies China＇s ideas on global development. First, it works for the ＂common prosperity＂ of every country, which will ease contradictions between the South and the North. Second, it emphasizes geo-economie integration that will heal the fragmentation of Eurasia. Third, it advocates linkages between people and inclusiveness to create a new kind of civilization. However, many difficulties and challenges lie ahead for the implementation of the ＂Belt and Road＂ initiative.

An Interpretation of the Influential Power of China Development

Through the analysis on China＇s economic develop- ment, utilization of resource environment and soft power, a basic judgment was made of the influence of ＂China development＂. The overall influential power of China development on international community was misunderstood. What we see is the role of ＂China Factor＂ in different fields. In the process of economic globalization, what economic system of capitalist market has seen is ＂China＇s cheap labor＂, ＂China＇s loose economic system environment＂, ＂earlier abuse of unlimited resource environment＂, ＂China＇s broad consumption market＂ and ＂demographic dividend＂. In global or Asian financial crisis, what other countries valued was China＇s ＂foreign currency＂ accumulated over the years. In global gov- ernance or crisis management, what international community expected was ＂China＇s obligations and responsibilities＂ without the right of speech, etc.. All these are the ＂passive＂ roles produced by ＂a single factor＂ in definite fields. The active and initiative role China will play in international community still needs time and the continuous efforts of several generations. China once was a big country that had significant inftuential power on the world, and China＇s renaissance is a normal process of development of things. What excessive talks about its influential power reflect may be the lack of China＇s influence.

The Transformation of Government Economic Functions in Public Economic Management

Public economics is a science of studying government economic behaviors, and an interdiscipline of politics and economics. As China is at the primary stage of socialism and the development of various domestic causes is still in a period of exploration, it is very important for the reform of the socialist modernization to strengthen domestic administrative management. Society is the subject of national reform and development in the long run, and thus maintaining the stability of domestic social order is not only the prerequisite for the long-term survival and development of China, but also the key requirement of ensuring people to live and work in peace and contentment. This thesis, first of all, introduces the management concept of public economy and the necessity of government＇s involvement in supervising economy. And on the basis of these, the thesis put forward the direction of transforming government economic functions and several precautions that should be noticed in government economic behaviors.

Current Development Condition and Prospect of Chinese Music Culture

The development of music culture industry is presented with diverse structure, which arises from that the value of music culture has been repositioned under the condition of socialist market economy. On ontology research, music culture industry is mainly for integrating and connecting the development system of music itself, and as mentioned before, the related scope is only limited to these inner factors. Actually. the purpose of music culture industry is not the product of subjective conjecture, and it all realistic foundations and clues will be found out in the running law of market economy and culture. It is easy to discover that the influence of culture industrialization era is really strong, and the establishment of knowledge-based economy requires art circulation and relevant modes. On another level, the current development condition of music culture also catches our attention.

Contemporary Marxism and Post-industrial Economy

Karl Marx （1973） scientifically predicted the appearance of some extraordinary tendencies of social development in the second half of the 20th century was given a common name of post-industrial or informational society and interpreted as post-bourgeois, post-capitalist, post-business society, and late capitalism. Autonomist Marxism and Perm philosophy school had separately come to a conclusion that all the phenomena noticed by the post-industrial theory could be adequately explained if we consider the historically new form of material labour appearing now. Marx （1973）, who predicted this new form, named it automated, scientific, or universal labour. With the appearance of the universal labour, the wealth of the society depends on the universal human powers that help to involve the extensive powers of nature into the production process. Universal labour can not be averaged or measured by the labour time as the abstract labour; it implies high complexity and creativity. Involving increasingly powerful forces of nature and human society, it appears to be the labour of another essence and by its essence, it does not create value.

Clinical relevance of neuroendocrine differentiation in lung adenocarcinoma

Objective:The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical relevance of neuroendocrine(NE) differentiation in lung adenocarcinoma.Methods:Eighty-six adenocarcinoma paraffin-embedded specimens and cases which were followed up completely for 3 years,were obtained from 86 patients(35 men and 51 women) who underwent surgical resection for pathologically supported adenocarcinoma in the Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,from June 2005 to December 2006.Immunohistochemical EnVision two-step method was used to detect the expression of neuron-specific enolase(NSE),synaptophysin(SYN) and chromogranin A(CGA).All data were analyzed using SPSS statistics software and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed,meanwhile,we conducted a Log-rank test.Results:All patients with lung adenocarcinoma,35 cases with NE differentiation(40.7%).The statistical analysis showed that the positive rate of NE differentiation in lung adenocarcinoma was significantly associated with cancer recurrence and histological differentiation.In addition,CGA,NSE and SYN positive rates were 27.9%,50.0%,43.0%,respectively.A statistically significant difference was found between positive expression of SYN and other clinicopathological parameters,such as pathological type,histological differentiation,lymph node metastasis,postoperative recurrence and 3-year survival rate(P = 0.001) and so on.Conclusion:NE differentiation can be used as a metastatic potentially indicator of biological behavior of lung adenocarcinoma,and combined detection of NSE and SYN markers may be recommended to examine NE differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma.Positive expression of SYN indicates poor prognosis.

Analysis of Big Data＇s Impact on Social Consumption Values

1Since the middle of last century, the world has entered consumer society. Decided by consumerism, hedonic consumption has got popular. Hedonic consumption makes people be personalized during consumption and brings a high degree of prosperity in consumption. But at the same time, for the materialization logic in consumerism, people has been enslaved by substance and involved in the vicious circle about unlimited demand for substance, which brought a series of problems in consumption. Nowadays, sharing consumption is rapidly developing, which leads to the change of consumption values. The application of big data in the consumer area, through bringing ＂big data sense＂ and solving information barrier, is one of the most important reasons to cause the change. This change can help to establish a fair consumption environment and harmonious consumption relations, which will make the economic development faster and better

Cultural Schema and Intercultural Communicative Competence

Cultural schemas, as cognitive structures and generalized collections of knowledge of past experiences that are organized into related knowledge groups, can be used to perceive and understand various cultural phenomena in the communication. People carry different schemas （background knowledge） that play an important role in guiding people＇s behaviors in intercultural communication. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to theoretically apply communication strategies to the development of intercultural communicative competence in light of Cultural Schema Theory. It focuses on the relationship between cultural schema and intercultural communicative competence. Some pedagogical implications are given that cultural schema could be previously intended to help communicaters have a better and easier life when they are living in other countries, such as awareness raising, knowledge acquisition, emotional management, and skills development. This paper is written on the basis of a collection of the Chinese university students＇ experience of culture-learning. The study has certain significance in the practice on cultural acquisition, communication competence, and intercultural communication.

Demographic, Economic, and Social Challenges of the Population Ageing in Cameroon

The elderly represent a growing proportion of the overall population and household＇s heads in Cameroon. This demographic change has some impact on the economic and social situation of the latter, in particular, the functioning of the family structure and solidarity between generations. The successive crises （food and financial） coupled with structural adjustment programs have in fact worsened the problems of the elderly, without having for compensation, provided the corresponding benefits for other age groups. This study contributes to the analysis of changes over time in the family support system, especially with regard to household＇s heads aged in Cameroon. To achieve this, the discussion turns around three questions： （1） what is the extent and nature of the ageing in Cameroon？ （2） what are the demographic, economic, and social implications？ and （3） what is the impact of economic and social change on intergenerational relationships？ The data used come from the Population Census （1976, 1987, and 2005）, and the Cameroonian Household Survey of 2007. The gradual deterioration of the support system for the family, especially due to modernization, and the current and future numbers of older should bring more policymakers to meet the specific needs of this group in Cameroon.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor： Will It Sustain Itself？

This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.

Significance of serum neuron-specific enolase in patients with acute traumatic brain iniurv

Objective: To study the association between serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and the extent of brain damage and the outcome after acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: The release patterns of serum NSE in 78 patients after acute TBI were analyzed by using the enzyme linked immunosobent assay. The levels of NSE were compared with Glasgow coma scale, the category of brain injury and the outcome after 6 months of injury. Results: There were different NSE values in patients with minor (12.96 μg/L±2.39 μg/L), moderate (23.44 μg/L±5.33 μg/L) and severe brain injury (42.68 μg/L±4.57 μg/L). After severe TBI, the concentration of NSE in patients with epidural hematomas was 13.38 μg/L±4.01 μg/L, 24.03 μg/L±2.85 μg/L in brain contusion without surgical intervention group, 55.20 μg/L±6.35 μg/L in brain contusion with surgical intervention group, and 83.85 μg/L±15.82 μg/L in diffuse brain swelling group. There were close correlations between NSE values and Glasgow coma scale (r=-0.608, P<0.01) and the extent of brain injury (r=0.75, P<0.01). Patients with poor outcome had significantly higher initial and peak NSE values than those with good outcome (66.40 μg/L±9.46 μg/L, 94.24 μg/L±13.75 μg/L vs 32.16 μg/L±4.21 μg/L, 34.08 μg/L±4.40 μg/L, P<0.01, respectively). Initial NSE values were negatively related to the outcome (r=-0.501, P<0.01). Most patients with poor outcomes had persisting or secondary elevated NSE values. Conclusions: Serum NSE is one of the valuable neurobiochemical markers for assessment of the severity of brain injury and outcome prediction.

The Return of Confucianism in China： Legitimacy and the Rule of the Communist Party of China

In countries with long histories, traditional culture plays an essential role in shaping social norms and influencing contemporary development. Confucianism, one of the world＇s oldest philosophies, justified the legitimacy of imperial China for about two thousand years but was attacked from the late Qing to the end of the Cultural Revolution. Ever since Deng Xiao-ping＇s economic reform, the Communist Party of China＇s legitimacy has been undermined, so the CPC has been facing a legitimacy crisis. The New Confucianism Movement has encouraged many scholars and officials to integrate a Sinolized Marxism and Confucianism dynamic for the CPC to employ as a legitimacy tool. This paper argues that Confucianism can help the CPC relegitimize its rule in China by using nationalism to strengthen traditional legitimacy and political, economic, and diplomatic development to increase its performance legitimacy.