As one of the developing countries China has an arable land per capita far below the world’s average level. With a high-density population and the quick development of economy and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delt...As one of the developing countries China has an arable land per capita far below the world’s average level. With a high-density population and the quick development of economy and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta shows the typical characteristics of land use in developed regions of China, which are: high land reclamation rate and low arable land per capita; intensive land use and high output value; and rapid increasing of construction land area and fast diminishing of arable lands. The analysis indicates that the process of the arable land changes in the Yangtze River Delta could be divided into four different change stages over the past 50 years.展开更多
Autothermal steam reforming （ATR） of bio-oil, which couples the endothermic steam reform- ing reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation, offers many advantages from a technical and economic point of view. Effec...Autothermal steam reforming （ATR） of bio-oil, which couples the endothermic steam reform- ing reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation, offers many advantages from a technical and economic point of view. Effective production of hydrogen through ATR of bio-oil was performed at lower temperature with NiCuZnAl catalyst. The highest hydrogen yield from bio-oil reached 64.3% with a nearly complete bio-oil conversion at 600℃, the ratio of steam to carbon fed （S/C） of 3 and the oxygen to carbon ratio （O/C） of 0.34. The reaction conditions in ATR including temperature, O/C, S/C and weight hourly space velocity can be used to control both hydrogen yield and products distribution. The comparison between the ATR and common steam reforming of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the ATR of bio-oil was also discussed.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to analyze economic impacts of reducing greenhouse gases emissions significantly. A large amount of emissions reductions are required throughout this century to avoid dangerous climate cha...The purpose of this study is to analyze economic impacts of reducing greenhouse gases emissions significantly. A large amount of emissions reductions are required throughout this century to avoid dangerous climate change, and understanding the economic consequences under such situations is important and meaningful. The AIM/CGE [Global] model, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model on a global scale, is applied to analyze carbon prices and changes in GDP when implementing five policy scenarios represented by emissions pathways, respectively. As a result of the analysis, higher carbon prices and larger decreases in GDP compared to the baseline emissions scenario are observed when emissions are reduced more deeply. However, such GDP losses are rather small and insignificant compared to the GDP growth observed throughout the century. These results suggest that although it is challenging to reduce emissions until the level to avoid dangerous climate change, there is a sufficient possibility to achieve it from economic perspectives.展开更多
So many legal issues can be handled in public interest method. As some commentators have pointed out, the public interest is an ancient and new topic. It＇s a highly abstract prone to ambiguities and shortcomings of t...So many legal issues can be handled in public interest method. As some commentators have pointed out, the public interest is an ancient and new topic. It＇s a highly abstract prone to ambiguities and shortcomings of the concept. And it＇s also a basket that strange, confused and can not be discarded. Even critics simply deny the existence of public interest and regard the public interest as a myth. As it＇s difficult to define the public interest from political perspective, a democratic theory, legal perspective a theory of law, economic perspective a public choice theory, philosophical perspective a public philosophy, and other common perspective. The paper explores the law theory of public interest from the framework of the overflow theory and the perspective of the concept function, and provides an easy to use identification method of public interest for the judicial practice and administrative practices.展开更多
An improved spherical, movable transfer skirt for autonomous submersibles has been devised. It was designed to permit the transfer of equipment and personnel from a submersible to the pressure chamber of an oil storag...An improved spherical, movable transfer skirt for autonomous submersibles has been devised. It was designed to permit the transfer of equipment and personnel from a submersible to the pressure chamber of an oil storage sea-bed structure. It also allowed mating at large vertical angles while the submersible remained horizontal. Seal failure modes and procedures for analyzing the sealing ability of the mating flange of the hull transfer skirt were thoroughly analyzed using conservative estimation methods. In the analysis, sea currents and mating angles were considered. Results showed that when considering the effects of currents, spherical radius and mating angle, their influence on seal ring failure should be considered first. The critical mating depth for a seal ring failure was larger than for either sliding or rotational failure modes. The critical mating depth can be used to determine the mating method of the submersible. The analytical procedures and results can be used as a reference for the design of spherical hull transfer skirts.展开更多
In the last two decades, the economic and political world was radically transformed. At the start, in the 1980s, the USA and the USSR ruled, in a bipolar context. But, after the fall of the Communist regimes, in the 1...In the last two decades, the economic and political world was radically transformed. At the start, in the 1980s, the USA and the USSR ruled, in a bipolar context. But, after the fall of the Communist regimes, in the 1990s, a different form of world power sharing emerged, in which the USA, the European Union and Japan were the major players. That change was evident from the documents that were made by those political powers （i.e. the Lisbon agenda on human resource development （HRD））, which in itself contained a forecast of the world situation in 2010. However, life is by nature unpredictable, and the unforeseeable changes happen all the time. And, in the last decade, several main players emerged in the world scene, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, the Arab World and Africa. In consequence, at the present moment, the world economy exists around at least 9 main players, 3 old and foreseen and 6 new and not foreseen. It is the author＇s opinion that this societal transformation should be addressed by the HRD community, because HRD scholars must study the more national relevant cases in a world that is changing very fast. Accordingly, in this paper, the author tries to make a rather introductory study in which he/she tries to define the basic economic variables for the HRD markets, namely demand, supply, need, equilibrium, investment, stock, flow, and return, for the USA, Japan, Brazil, Russia, India and China. The author uses the last available data, even if we tried to put the analysis in a historical perspective. The author concludes that several very different forms of situations exist in the HRD markets of those very important political entities.展开更多
Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years....Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.展开更多
Recently, much dispute has occurred about the validity of the New Keynesian model from both theoretical and empirical views. However, a few studies have analyzed this model from the empirical perspective. Few other st...Recently, much dispute has occurred about the validity of the New Keynesian model from both theoretical and empirical views. However, a few studies have analyzed this model from the empirical perspective. Few other studies have analyzed this model directly or nearly directly. This article empirically examines the New Keynesian model focusing on inflation forecast. Generalized method of moments （GMM） is used to examine whether the typical Keynesian model with Taylor rule is empirically appropriate for the US, UK, Euro area, and Japan. The results showed： （1） the New Keynesian model fits well in most cases and explains the real economy well. Taylor rule also fits well for most cases; （2） Rational expectations for inflation rates may not be useful based on this model When AR （1） （time series analysis） model is used to capture inflation expectations instead of one-time ahead real values, the model fits well. With measured expectations, the relative weight of the forward-looking terms increase on the cost of lagged inflation and output terms, even up to the point at which the lagged inflation terms are no longer needed to rescue the new Keynesian model; and （3） Forward-looking variables play more important roles than backward-looking ones in economic activity. Results with expectations with forward-looking terms perform better in general. This New Keynesian model may reduce the importance of lagged output in some cases展开更多
The purpose of this article is to analyze China＇s economic development policies of the last few years from the viewpoint of some Mexican actors （businesspeople, public officials, and scholars） who live and work in ...The purpose of this article is to analyze China＇s economic development policies of the last few years from the viewpoint of some Mexican actors （businesspeople, public officials, and scholars） who live and work in China. The idea is to learn from these policies and perhaps transfer the best practices to Mexico through horizontal international cooperation, with the hope of contributing to Mexico＇s growth and development, based on its reality. We put forward that there are international circumstances that could bring this about, thanks to sudden changes on the global scenario. Finally, the article highlights the importance of fostering, understanding, and deepening bilateral relations between Mexico and China.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49831070) and by the KeyProgramme of the Ministry of Land and Resources
文摘As one of the developing countries China has an arable land per capita far below the world’s average level. With a high-density population and the quick development of economy and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta shows the typical characteristics of land use in developed regions of China, which are: high land reclamation rate and low arable land per capita; intensive land use and high output value; and rapid increasing of construction land area and fast diminishing of arable lands. The analysis indicates that the process of the arable land changes in the Yangtze River Delta could be divided into four different change stages over the past 50 years.
文摘Autothermal steam reforming （ATR） of bio-oil, which couples the endothermic steam reform- ing reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation, offers many advantages from a technical and economic point of view. Effective production of hydrogen through ATR of bio-oil was performed at lower temperature with NiCuZnAl catalyst. The highest hydrogen yield from bio-oil reached 64.3% with a nearly complete bio-oil conversion at 600℃, the ratio of steam to carbon fed （S/C） of 3 and the oxygen to carbon ratio （O/C） of 0.34. The reaction conditions in ATR including temperature, O/C, S/C and weight hourly space velocity can be used to control both hydrogen yield and products distribution. The comparison between the ATR and common steam reforming of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the ATR of bio-oil was also discussed.
文摘The purpose of this study is to analyze economic impacts of reducing greenhouse gases emissions significantly. A large amount of emissions reductions are required throughout this century to avoid dangerous climate change, and understanding the economic consequences under such situations is important and meaningful. The AIM/CGE [Global] model, a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model on a global scale, is applied to analyze carbon prices and changes in GDP when implementing five policy scenarios represented by emissions pathways, respectively. As a result of the analysis, higher carbon prices and larger decreases in GDP compared to the baseline emissions scenario are observed when emissions are reduced more deeply. However, such GDP losses are rather small and insignificant compared to the GDP growth observed throughout the century. These results suggest that although it is challenging to reduce emissions until the level to avoid dangerous climate change, there is a sufficient possibility to achieve it from economic perspectives.
文摘So many legal issues can be handled in public interest method. As some commentators have pointed out, the public interest is an ancient and new topic. It＇s a highly abstract prone to ambiguities and shortcomings of the concept. And it＇s also a basket that strange, confused and can not be discarded. Even critics simply deny the existence of public interest and regard the public interest as a myth. As it＇s difficult to define the public interest from political perspective, a democratic theory, legal perspective a theory of law, economic perspective a public choice theory, philosophical perspective a public philosophy, and other common perspective. The paper explores the law theory of public interest from the framework of the overflow theory and the perspective of the concept function, and provides an easy to use identification method of public interest for the judicial practice and administrative practices.
文摘An improved spherical, movable transfer skirt for autonomous submersibles has been devised. It was designed to permit the transfer of equipment and personnel from a submersible to the pressure chamber of an oil storage sea-bed structure. It also allowed mating at large vertical angles while the submersible remained horizontal. Seal failure modes and procedures for analyzing the sealing ability of the mating flange of the hull transfer skirt were thoroughly analyzed using conservative estimation methods. In the analysis, sea currents and mating angles were considered. Results showed that when considering the effects of currents, spherical radius and mating angle, their influence on seal ring failure should be considered first. The critical mating depth for a seal ring failure was larger than for either sliding or rotational failure modes. The critical mating depth can be used to determine the mating method of the submersible. The analytical procedures and results can be used as a reference for the design of spherical hull transfer skirts.
文摘In the last two decades, the economic and political world was radically transformed. At the start, in the 1980s, the USA and the USSR ruled, in a bipolar context. But, after the fall of the Communist regimes, in the 1990s, a different form of world power sharing emerged, in which the USA, the European Union and Japan were the major players. That change was evident from the documents that were made by those political powers （i.e. the Lisbon agenda on human resource development （HRD））, which in itself contained a forecast of the world situation in 2010. However, life is by nature unpredictable, and the unforeseeable changes happen all the time. And, in the last decade, several main players emerged in the world scene, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, the Arab World and Africa. In consequence, at the present moment, the world economy exists around at least 9 main players, 3 old and foreseen and 6 new and not foreseen. It is the author＇s opinion that this societal transformation should be addressed by the HRD community, because HRD scholars must study the more national relevant cases in a world that is changing very fast. Accordingly, in this paper, the author tries to make a rather introductory study in which he/she tries to define the basic economic variables for the HRD markets, namely demand, supply, need, equilibrium, investment, stock, flow, and return, for the USA, Japan, Brazil, Russia, India and China. The author uses the last available data, even if we tried to put the analysis in a historical perspective. The author concludes that several very different forms of situations exist in the HRD markets of those very important political entities.
文摘Mega shopping mall projects have seen dramatic growth and great development in recent years in Egypt. Many new mega shopping mall projects are under construction and expecting to start working in the few coming years. In the absence of researches studying the Egyptian mega shopping mall projects, this study tries to highlight the most critical risks that face these projects and the associated most effective response methods to be employed. The scope covers the analysis from different perspectives by including owners/developers, designers, consultants, project managers, and contractors that have previous experience in large-scale projects such as shopping mall projects. In this study, 30 construction project risks are classified into six main categories according to their type and 150 risk mitigation/elimination measures are introduced to overcome the impact of risks under each of these risk categories. The results reveal that the main risk category that faces the mega shopping mall projects in Egypt is the one including the financial risk factors. The most critical risk factor that faces these projects is the financial ability of the client. These results are similar to findings by previous researches conducted for large projects in other countries.
文摘Recently, much dispute has occurred about the validity of the New Keynesian model from both theoretical and empirical views. However, a few studies have analyzed this model from the empirical perspective. Few other studies have analyzed this model directly or nearly directly. This article empirically examines the New Keynesian model focusing on inflation forecast. Generalized method of moments （GMM） is used to examine whether the typical Keynesian model with Taylor rule is empirically appropriate for the US, UK, Euro area, and Japan. The results showed： （1） the New Keynesian model fits well in most cases and explains the real economy well. Taylor rule also fits well for most cases; （2） Rational expectations for inflation rates may not be useful based on this model When AR （1） （time series analysis） model is used to capture inflation expectations instead of one-time ahead real values, the model fits well. With measured expectations, the relative weight of the forward-looking terms increase on the cost of lagged inflation and output terms, even up to the point at which the lagged inflation terms are no longer needed to rescue the new Keynesian model; and （3） Forward-looking variables play more important roles than backward-looking ones in economic activity. Results with expectations with forward-looking terms perform better in general. This New Keynesian model may reduce the importance of lagged output in some cases
文摘The purpose of this article is to analyze China＇s economic development policies of the last few years from the viewpoint of some Mexican actors （businesspeople, public officials, and scholars） who live and work in China. The idea is to learn from these policies and perhaps transfer the best practices to Mexico through horizontal international cooperation, with the hope of contributing to Mexico＇s growth and development, based on its reality. We put forward that there are international circumstances that could bring this about, thanks to sudden changes on the global scenario. Finally, the article highlights the importance of fostering, understanding, and deepening bilateral relations between Mexico and China.
