清末四川经征局的设置与州县财政改革

咸丰同治以后,随着三费、夫马、津贴、捐输等田赋附加与厘金的征收,州县在财政方面拥有一定的自主权。清末推行新政,政府经费支出大增,增加税收,强化省级财政的权限,平衡州县财政收支成了当时财政改革的方向。本文主要以清代巴县档案为分析史料,详细地考察了四川经征局的运作实态,认为四川经征局的设置,在一定程度上加强了省级财政统筹和各类税收的稽征,有利于各州县的财政平衡,同时也削弱了州县的财权。

清末四川财政的“集权”与“分权”之争:以经征局设立及其争议为切入点

对清末四川经征局的设立及其所引发的争议,需要以“官-绅”或“国家-地方精英”间权力博弈这一分析框架来进行理解。19世纪中叶以降,受困于内外军事危机的清政府对基层的控制力逐步被削弱,并在征税等基层治理事务中广泛依赖绅士参与。与全国趋势类似,晚清四川地方绅士亦广泛介入津贴、捐输、肉厘等赋税的征管,乃至从中谋取私利。四川总督赵尔巽在光绪三十四年(1908年)设立全省范围的专业征收机构-经征局,并以此接管原本由州县官或绅士负责的部分赋税的征收事宜,构成了对绅士征税权及相关利益的威胁。借助作为清末立宪运动之产物的省咨议局这一平台,四川绅士对经征局的设立和运行展开激烈批评,但始终未能动摇赵尔巽借助经征局统一全省财政的意志。由于晚清以来国权和绅权间未能形成相辅相成的同步发展格局,被绅权俘获的近代宪法和代议制度未能充分实现预期中的促进国家建设的目的,反而对后者构成了结构性阻力。

民国昆山清丈档案所见土地占有严重不均及农民沉重田赋

1912年,昆山民政长方还提议对全邑田亩实施清丈,经县议会核准,于次年正式启动。昆山市档案馆所藏清丈档案内容完整,真实记录了民国昆山县域内一市十七乡的图圩、村庄、人口分布,额田与实测田亩数,田赋量等基本数据,反映了土地占有严重不均,不乏持有数百张乃至上千张执业方单者、土地占有数量达千亩以上的大土地所有者及其家族。清丈档案也从侧面揭露昆山农民沉重的田赋负担。

Design of a road vehicle detection system based on monocular vision

In order to decrease vehicle crashes, a new rear view vehicle detection system based on monocular vision is designed. First, a small and flexible hardware platform based on a DM642 digtal signal processor （DSP） micro-controller is built. Then, a two-step vehicle detection algorithm is proposed. In the first step, a fast vehicle edge and symmetry fusion algorithm is used and a low threshold is set so that all the possible vehicles have a nearly 100% detection rate （TP） and the non-vehicles have a high false detection rate （FP）, i. e., all the possible vehicles can be obtained. In the second step, a classifier using a probabilistic neural network （PNN） which is based on multiple scales and an orientation Gabor feature is trained to classify the possible vehicles and eliminate the false detected vehicles from the candidate vehicles generated in the first step. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system maintains a high detection rate and a low false detection rate under different road, weather and lighting conditions.

Characteristics and Functions of Cooperative Economic Organizations for Water-saving Irrigation in Agricultural Development in Arid Areas

Agricultural cooperative economic organization for water-saving irrigation in arid areas is a new form of economic organization in production,operation and management during the application process of water-saving irrigation technologies.Currently,there are few researches on this cooperative economic organization.In this study,connotations of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation are specifically defined,and the characteristics and functions of this cooperative economic organization are analyzed.Based on that,several suggestions are proposed on the continuous development of cooperative economic organizations for water-saving irrigation.

Modeling customer satisfaction for bus rapid transit in Changzhou, China

This paper aims to develop a customer satisfaction model for bus rapid transit （BRT）. Both the socio-economic and travel characteristics of passengers were considered to be independent variables. Changzhou BRT was taken as an example and on which on-board surveys were conducted to collect data. Ordinal logistic regression （OLR） was used as the modeling approach. The general OLR-based procedure for modeling customer satisfaction is proposed and based on which the customer satisfaction model of Changzhou BRT is developed. Some important findings are concluded： Waiting sub-journey affects customer satisfaction the most, riding sub- journey comes second and arriving station sub-journey has relatively fewer effects. The availability of shelter and benches at stations imposes heavy influence on customer satisfaction. Passengers＇ socio-economic characteristics have heavy impact on customer satisfaction.

EFFECTIVE FEATURE ANALYSIS FOR COLOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION

An approach for color image segmentation is proposed based on the contributions of color features to segmentation rather than the choice of a particular color space. The determination of effective color features depends on the analysis of various color features from each tested color image via the designed feature encoding. It is different from the pervious methods where self organized feature map (SOFM) is used for constructing the feature encoding so that the feature encoding can self organize the effective features for different color images. Fuzzy clustering is applied for the final segmentation when the well suited color features and the initial parameter are available. The proposed method has been applied in segmenting different types of color images and the experimental results show that it outperforms the classical clustering method. The study shows that the feature encoding approach offers great promise in automating and optimizing the segmentation of color images.

Local hierarchical non-negative tensor factorization and its application in machinery fault diagnosis

Aiming at the slow convergence and low accuracy problems of the traditional non-negative tensor factorization, a local hierarchical non-negative tensor factorization method is proposed by applying the local objective function theory to non- negative tensor factorization and combining the three semi-non- negative matrix factorization（NMF） model. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the facial feature extraction experiment. Through the decomposition of a series of an air compressor＇s vibration signals composed in the form of a bispectrum by this new method, the basis images representing the fault features and corresponding weight matrices are obtained. Then the relationships between characteristics and faults are analyzed and the fault types are classified by importing the weight matrices into the BP neural network. Experimental results show that the accuracy of fault diagnosis is improved by this new method compared with other feature extraction methods.

The Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics Analysis of Jiangsu Tourism Economy

[Objective] The paper aimed to reflect the spatial pattern and temporal and spatial evolution characteristics, the differences between inter-regional tourism economy was measured from the quality aspect, which provided a reference for the local governments in the future tourism development. [Method] Using the location entropy methods, three time periods side of tourism-related date of 2000, 2005, 2007 were selected, from the angle of the spatial pattern and the evolution of the differences within the different scales, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the economic development level of Jiangsu were analysed. [Result] The results showed that from the aspect of spatial evolution pattern, as time goes on, the economic development of Jiangsu tourism has experienced morphological evolution of concentration- dispersion decrease-stability; when it comes to the development of the tourism economy, in recent years, the overall gap between the tourism economy in Jiangsu did not widen, the gap mainly led by the region one after another. According to their volatility, it will be divided into four categories: A Stable type (Wuxi, Xuzhou, Lianyungang and Taizhou), B Increasing type (Huai’an), C Fluctuations type (Nanjing, Changzhou, Suzhou and Yangzhou) and D Depression type (Nantong, Yancheng, Zhenjiang and Suqian). [Conclusion] Location entropy was quoted into tourism economic analysis, the method was simple and easy to understand, the result was accurate and convincing, which provided a reference for travel economic development and investment decision-making of Jiangsu.

DAMAGE CLASSIFICATION BY PROBABILISTIC NEURAL NETWORKS BASED ON LATENT COMPONENTS FOR TIME-VARYING SYSTEM

A new approach to damage classification for health monitoring of a time-varylng system is presented. The functional-series time-dependent auto regressive moving average （FS-TARMA） time series model is applied to the vibration signal observed in the time-varying system for estimating the TAR/TMA parameters and the innovation variance. These parameters are the functions of the time, represented by a group of projection coefficients on the certain functional subspace with specific basis functions. The estimated TAR/TMA parameters and the innovation variance are further used to calculate the latent components （LCs） as the more informative data for health monitoring evaluation, based on an eigenvalue decomposition technique. LCs are then combined and reduced to numerical values （NVs） as feature sets, which are input to a probabilistic neural network （PNN） for the damage classification. For the evaluation of the proposed method, numerical simulations of the damage classification for a tlme-varylng system are used, in which different classes of damage are modeled by the mass or stiffness reductions. It is demonstrated that the method can identify the damages in the course of operation and the change of parameters on the time-varying background of the system.

Research on prediction of soil suction in expansive soil

Soil-water characteristic curves of expansive clay are usually measured in the laboratory, but soil suction in the field is extremely difficult and time consuming. The method of artificial neural network (ANN) is adopted to predict soil suction in the field by using measured water contents. This is done by training the network using laboratory measured soil-water characteristics. Prediction soil suction using the ANN with some limited in-situ measured water contents is compared with actual suction measurements in the field. Prediction results are discussed.

Solving a Model of Inversion Layer Quantization Effects in Deep Submicron MOSFETs with Artificial Neural Networks

Approximate the solution of a model for inversion layer quantization effects in deep submicron MOSFETs with feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs) is proposed.To realize this,the solution of eigenvalue problems actually need to be considered for differential and integrodifferential operators,using ANNs.To validate the method and verify its accuracy,it is applied to the Schr o ¨dinger equation for the Morse potential problem that has an analytically known solution.Then a model is proceeded with which approximates the Schr o ¨dinger equation and the Poisson equation problem called the triangular-potential approximation.In conclusion,the presented method is simple to implement,and have several verification applications.

Increased prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux diseases in type 2 diabetics with neuropathy

AIM： To analyze the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） related symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） and to find out the relationship between diabetic neuropathy and the prevalence of GERD symptoms. METHODS： In this prospective questionnaire study, 150 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients attending the endocrine clinic were enrolled. A junior physician helped the patients to understand the questions. Patients were asked about the presence of five most frequent symptoms of GERD that included heartburn （at least 1/wk）, regurgitation, chest pain, hoarseness of voice and chronic cough. Patients with past medical history of angina, COPD, asthma, cough due to ACEI or preexisting GERD prior to onset of diabetes and apparent psychiatric disorders were excluded from the survey. We further divided the patients into two groups based on presence or absence of peripheral neuropathy. Out of 150 patients, 46 had neuropathy, whereas 104 patients did not have neuropathy. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and number of patients in each category and percentage of total patients in that group. Normal distributions between groups were compared with Student t test and the prevalence rates between groups were compared with Chi-square tests for significance. RESULTS： The average duration of diabetes were 12 ± 9.2 years and the average HbAlc level of this group was 7.7% ± 2.0%. The mean weight and BMI were 198 ± 54 Ibs. and 32 ± 7.2 kg/m^2. Forty percent （61/150） patients reported having at least one of the symptoms of GERD and thirty percent （45/150） reported having heartburn at least once a week. The prevalence of GERD symptoms is higher in patients with neuropathy than patients without neuropathy （58.7% vs 32.7%, P 〈 0.01）. The prevalence of heartburn, chest pain and chronic cough are also higher in patients with neuropathy than in patients without neuropathy （43.5% vs 24%; 10.9% vs 4.8% and 17.8% vs 6.7% respectively, P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of GERD symptoms in type 2 DM is higher than in the general population. Our data suggest that DM neuropathy may be an important associated factor for developing GERD symptoms.

CGE Simulation for Levying Carbon Tax in China and International Experience of Levying Carbon Tax

Levying carbon tax is conducive to reducing carbon dioxide emissions and protecting the environment.The author firstly reviewed some relevant empirical studies on carbon tax both home and abroad,and then established the CGE model and simulated levying carbon tax in China.The study found that levying carbon tax would have little impact on China's economy:in a short-term,China's GDP might decrease by 0.51%,while in a long-term it might decrease by 0.08%;however,the carbon dioxide emissions would be substantially reduced.Meanwhile,levying carbon tax has some negative impact on the output of each industry in the very economic structure;of this,the mineral extractive industries would be influenced the most.Then the author summarized experience of levying carbon tax in foreign countries.

Economic Characteristic of Coastal Community at Mining Region, Kotabaru Regency, Indonesia

Economic development of coastal community in Kotabaru Regency has become strategic in the future. Kotabaru Regency is the geo-economic strategic position due to the position of Kotabaru region boundaries between Kalimantan Island and Sulawesi Island. Geo-economic strategic of Kotabaru should increase the coastal community welfare in Kotabaru Regency. The objective of the research is to evaluate economic characteristic of coastal community at mining area in Kotabaru Regency. The number of samples in this study is 50 respondents in each village who are in the mining area. The number of companies in the mining area is 17 companies. Data were collected by using questionnaires. The results show that economic characteristics have low category. Mining and plantation companies do not increase the economic conditions of the community. Research suggestions are： （1） to examine the potential and importance of economic empowerment model of coastal communities in the region both mining companies and plantations; （2） the important role of companies and local governments to work together in formulating a strategy for management of CSR （corporate social responsibility）, and social mapping to be done by the company in the preparation of the CSR program.

Basal Cell Carcinoma at Pediatric Age Gorlin-Goltz Syndrome Clinic Experience

The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, associated with PTCH gene mutation. Its presentation is polymorphous, being frequent to appear the clinical triad carcinomas basal cell, odontogenic cysts and skeletal abnormalities. Skin lesions are a very frequent reason for consultation in the paediatric age, being evaluated in most cases in primary care. Sometimes, patients need the intervention of other specialists to deep in a given area. The medical literature shows a fragmented view of the disease, possibly related to the low frequency of appearance of this syndrome, and by the need for intervention of not transversal knowledge specialist, which is why we feel interesting to evaluate the role of specialist who is developing the activity at primary care, with patients who require a multidisciplinary intervention.

Molecular Study on Differentiation-Associated Genes Involved in Both Malignant Progression of Glioma and Differentiation of Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells

OBJECTIVE It is unclear whether differentiation disturbances or deregulation of neural stem cells (NSCs) are the early key steps for gliomagenesis and tumor development. Furthermore, relevant molecular changes and gene-regulation pathways are unknown. This study focused on screening and validating differentiation-associated genes from both human NSCs and glioma cells with malignant progression, for the purpose of offering an experimental basis for the cellular origin of gilomas and molecular pathology of gliomagenesis. METHODS The differential-gene expression profiles of malignant progression of gliomas were established, then the differentiation related genes were screened out with a bioinformatics analysis. Expression levels of these genes was further analyzed in cultured human fetal NSCs undergoing differentiation processes with a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay. RESULTS Eight genes were screened out from the gene-expression profiling of which the expression levels were associated with the differentiation processes of NSCs, namely CXCR4, TN-C, GLT1, IL1-RI, EGFR-8, CDC2, Ndr3 and MAPKK4. Three of them, ie., GLT1, CDC2 and MAPKK4, were further analyzed, showing that expression levels decreased with the differentiation processes of NSCs, and increased with the malignant progression of ganglioglioma. CONCLUSION Three differentiation associated genes were found negatively associated with NSCs differentiation and positively associated with malignant progression of gliomas, suggesting that differentiation disturbances of neural stem cells may be involved in oncogenesis, and that further studies on their roles in gliomagenesis should be conducted.

Parametric modeling of carbon nanotubes and estimating nonlocal constant using simulated vibration signals-ARMA and ANN based approach

Nonlocal continuum mechanics is a popular growing theory for investigating the dynamic behavior of Carbon nanotubes(CNTs).Estimating the nonlocal constant is a crucial step in mathematical modeling of CNTs vibration behavior based on this theory.Accordingly,in this study a vibration-based nonlocal parameter estimation technique,which can be competitive because of its lower instrumentation and data analysis costs,is proposed.To this end,the nonlocal models of the CNT by using the linear and nonlinear theories are established.Then,time response of the CNT to impulsive force is derived by solving the governing equations numerically.By using these time responses the parametric model of the CNT is constructed via the autoregressive moving average(ARMA)method.The appropriate ARMA parameters,which are chosen by an introduced feature reduction technique,are considered features to identify the value of the nonlocal constant.In this regard,a multi-layer perceptron(MLP)network has been trained to construct the complex relation between the ARMA parameters and the nonlocal constant.After training the MLP,based on the assumed linear and nonlinear models,the ability of the proposed method is evaluated and it is shown that the nonlocal parameter can be estimated with high accuracy in the presence/absence of nonlinearity.

Study on ＂Integration of Informatization and Industrialization＂ Characteristics and Its Interaction Relationship with Industrial Design

The ＂integration of informatization and industrialization＂ is a constant development process. In China, the integration of industrial economy and information economy is an inevitable trend of economy development. The social formation of the current industrial society in China will inevitably transform into the social formation of the integration of industrial society and information society. The ＂integration of informatization and industrialization＂ provides necessary technology for economic development,which makes the society have an overall change. This paper tries to make a comparison of the basic features of different formations from the historical development process of the era, in order to summarize the basic characteristics of ＂integration of informatization and industralization＂ and its interaction relationship with industrial design.

Irritable bowel syndrome:Diagnosis and pathogenesis

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastro-intestinal (GI) disorder that considerably reduces the quality of life. It further represents an economic burden on society due to the high consumption of healthcare resources and the non-productivity of IBS patients. The diagnosis of IBS is based on symptom assessment and the Rome Ⅲ criteria. A combination of the Rome Ⅲ criteria, a physical examination, blood tests, gastros-copy and colonoscopy with biopsies is believed to be necessary for diagnosis. Duodenal chromogranin A cell density is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of IBS. The pathogenesis of IBS seems to be multifactorial, with the following factors playing a central role in the pathogenesis of IBS:heritability and genetics, dietary/intestinal microbiota, low-grade inflammation, and disturbances in the neuroendocrine system (NES) of the gut. One hypothesis proposes that the cause of IBS is an altered NES, which would cause abnormal GI motility, secretions and sensation. All of these abnormalities are characteristic of IBS. Alterations in the NES could be the result of one or more of the following:genetic factors, dietary intake, intestinal flora, or lowgrade inflammation. Post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease-associated IBS (IBD-IBS) represent a considerable subset of IBS cases. Patients with PI-and IBD-IBS exhibit low-grade mucosal inflammation, as well as abnormalities in the NES of the gut.