耐药肺结核患者的心理护理

耐药肺结核患者因患病时间长、花费高、需治疗时间长、疗效不明显等因素,与一般肺结核患者在心理上有很大区别.我们针对耐药肺结核患者的特点,对这些患者进行了特别心理护理,取得了较满意的效果,现报告如下.

Roles of NF-κB in central nervous system damage and repair

NF-κB family is a kind of nuclear factors in B lymphocyte that can bind to the immunoglobulin κ-chain enhancer and enhance transcriptional activity. NF-κB/Rel proteins, as a dimeric transcription factor, control the expression of genes that regulate a broad range of biological processes through canonical and non-canonical pathways. In the central nervous system, NF-κB controls inflammatory reactions and the apoptotic cell death following nerve injury. It also contributes to the infarction and cell death in stroke models and patients. However, NF-κB is essential for neurosurvival as well. NF-κB activation is a part of recovery process that may protect neurons against oxidative-stresses or brain ischemia-induced apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Inhibition of NF-κB may reduce its neuroprotection activity. Hence the dual opposite effects of NF-κB on cells. The ultimate survival or death of neurons depends on which, where and when the NF-κB factors are activated.

Effects of microcystin-LR on hippocampal N-acetylaspartate and neurobehaviors in rats

The effects of low-doses of microcystin-leucinearginine （ MC-LR ） exposure on neurobehaviors and N-acetylaspartate （NAA） expression in the hippocampus of rats were investigated. After male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were treated intra-gastrically with different doses of MC-LR for 90 d, the locomotor activity, spatial learning and memory function were evaluated in the rats after treatment using open field tests and Morris water maze tests. The results show that MC-LR exposure can lead to impairment of the spatial learning capacity and locomotor activity in rats at the dose of 2. 00 p,g/kg. The levels of NAA in the hippocampus were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy （MRI）. A significant decrease of NAA/Cr ratio （ P 〈 0. 05） was observed in the hippocampous. This study indicates that intra-gastrical exposure to low-doses of MC-LR has adverse effects on neuronal behavior and NAA levels in the hippocampous.

Natural Resources Balance Sheet:Chinese Characteristics and International Practices

This paper examines the explorations and practices of environmental- economic accounting in the international community, provides a comprehensive overview and evaluation of the nature and research progress of China＇s natural resources balance sheet, reviews the relevant systems of China＇s natural resources balance sheet and the development of ecological civilization, identifies the issues in the formulation of natural resources balance sheet and makes suggestions for improvement.

元气虚火论及临床应用

元气是人体最根本、最重要的气,是生命活动的原动力。元气虚弱可导致产生虚火、虚热的现象,简称元气虚火。此文从元气虚火的立论依据、元气耗损的原因、元气虚火的临床特点与病机、元气虚火的治法方药及临床应用等不同方面进行探讨,分析元气虚火理论在临床常见病治疗中的应用思路,期冀可以丰富完善中医关于元气的理论,并基于此理论对维护人们身体健康和延长寿命提供理论依据和支撑。

Modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid on painful sense in central nervous system of morphine-dependent rats

Objective To observe the effects of y-aminobutyric acid （GABA） on the electric activities of pain-excited neurons （PEN） in nucleus accumbens （NAc） in central nervous system （CNS） of morphine-dependent rats. Methods After GABA or the GABAA-receptor antagonist, bicuculline （Bic）, was injected into cerebral ventricles or NAc, right sciatic nerve was stimulated by electrical pulses, which was considered as traumatic pain stimulation. Extracellular recordings methods were used to record the electric activities of PEN in NAc. Results When GABA was injected into intracerebroventricle （ICV） as well as NAc, it could decrease the pain-evoked discharge frequency and prolong the latency of PEN. Bic could interdict the above effects of GABA on the electric activities of PEN. Conclusion Exogenous GABA might have an inhibitory effect on the central pain adjustment. Furthermore, GABA and GABAA receptor participate and mediate the traumatic information transmission process in CNS.

Leptin transiently antagonizes ghrelin and long-lastingly orexin in regulation of Ca^(2+) signaling in neuropeptide Y neurons of the arcuate nucleus

AIM： To explore the mechanism for interactions of leptin with ghrelin and orexin in the arcuate nucleus （ARC） activating neuropeptide Y （NPY） neurons during physiological regulation of feeding, METHODS： Single neurons from ARC of adult rats with matured feeding function were isolated. [Ca2＋]i was measured to monitore their activities. The time course of leptin effects on ghrelin-induced versus orexin-induced [Ca2＋]i increases in NPY neurons was studied. RESULTS： Administration of ghrelin or orexin-A at 101~ mol/L increased cytosolic Ca2~ concentration （[Ca2＋]~） in NPY neurons isolated from the ARC of adult rats. Upon administration of leptin at 10^-14-10^-12 mol/L, ghrelin-induced [Ca2＋]i increases were initially （〈 10 min） inhibited but later restored, exhibiting a transient pattern of inhibition. In contrast, orexin-induced [Ca2＋]i increases were inhibited by leptin in a long- lasting manner. Furthermore, a prior administration of leptin inhibited orexin action but not ghrelin action to increase ICa 2＋li, CONCLUSION： Leptin counteracted ghrelin effects transiently and orexin effects long-lastingly in NPY neurons. The transient property with which leptin counteracts ghrelin action in NPY neurons may allow the fasting-associated increase in ghrelin levels to activate NPY neurons in the presence of physiological leptin and to stimulate feeding.

Empirical Bayes Absolute Error Loss Estimation for Parameter of One-Side Truncation Distribution Families

In this paper we propose an absolute error loss EB estimator for parameter of one-side truncation distribution families. Under some conditions we have proved that the convergence rates of its Bayes risk is o, where 0<λ,r≤1,Mn≤lnln n (for large n),Mn→∞ as n→∞.

Effect of Menopause on Gene Expression Profiles of Circu-lating Monocytes: A Pilot in vivo Microarray Study

Menopause is one of the key physiological events in the female life and can increase the risk for a number of complex autoimmune, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders. Circulating monocytes can differentiate into various cell types and play an important role in tissue morphogenesis and immune response. We studied gene expression profiles of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women using Affymetrix Human U133A GeneChip array that contains probes for -14,500 genes. Comparative analyses between the samples showed that 20 genes were up- and 20 were down-regulated. Of these genes, 28 were classified into six major GO categories relevant to such biological processes as the cell proliferation, immune response, cellular metabolism, and the others. The remaining 12 genes have yet unidentified biological functions. Our results support the hypothesis that functional state of circulating monocytes is indeed affected by menopause, and resulting changes may be determined through the genomewide gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes identified in this study may be candidates for further studies of menopause-associated systemic autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular disorders. Our study is only the first attempt in this direction, but it lays a basis for further research.

Study on the Model of Excessive Staminate Catkin Thinning of Proterandrous Walnut Based on Quadratic Polynomial Regression Equation and BP Artificial Neural Network

The excessive staminate catkin thinning （emasculation） of proterandrous walnut is an important management measure for improving yield. To improve the excessive staminate catkin thinning efficiency, the model of quadratic polynomial regression equation and BP artificial neural network was developed. The effects of ethephon, gibberel in and mepiquat on shedding rate of staminate catkin of pro-terandrous walnut were investigated by modeling field test. Based on the modeling test results, the excessive staminate catkin thinning model of quadratic polynomial regression equation and BP artificial neural network was established, and it was validated by field test next year. The test data were divided into training set, vali-dation set and test set. The total 20 sets of data obtained from the modeling field test were randomly divided into training set （17） and validation set （3） by central composite design （quadric rotational regression test design）, and the data obtained from the next-year field test were divided into the test set. The topological struc-ture of BP artificial neural network was 3-5-1. The results showed that the pre-diction errors of BP neural network for samples from the validation set were 1.355 0%, 0.429 1% and 0.353 8%, respectively; the difference between the predicted value by the BP neural network and validated value by field test was 2.04%, and the difference between the predicted value by the regression equation and validated value by field test was 3.12%; the prediction accuracy of BP neural network was over 1.0% higher than that of regression equation. The effective combination of quadratic polynomial stepwise regression and BP artificial neural network wil not only help to determine the effect of independent parameter but also improve the prediction accuracy.

Neural pathway for fever generation

Fever is an adaptive host response coordinated by the central nervous system （CNS） during systemic immune challenge. Recent research shed light on the mechanism of fever generation, particularly the underlying neural pathways. In this review, we first briefly summarize current views on the mechanism of sensing microbial infection by the nervous system, and the roles of prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） and its receptors in fever; then we focus on the neural circuits underlying fever generation, particularly their relationship with the distribution of PGE2 receptors within the CNS. At the end, an overall neurochemical model of fever generation is presented, pointing to the direction for future studies.

DNA damage-induced cell death： lessons from the central nervous system

DNA damage can, but does not always, induce cell death. While several pathways linking DNA damage signals to mitochondria-dependent and -independent death machineries have been elucidated, the connectivity of these pathways is subject to regulation by multiple other factors that are not well understood. We have proposed two conceptual models to explain the delayed and variable cell death response to DNA damage： integrative surveillance versus autonomous pathways. In this review, we discuss how these two models may explain the in vivo regulation of cell death induced by ionizing radiation （IR） in the developing central nervous system, where the death response is regulated by radiation dose, cell cycle status and neuronal development.

Effects of Acupuncture on Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Raphe Nuclei in Obese Rats

Effects of acupuncture on the levels of neurotransmitters in the raphe nuclei were investigated in obeserats.It was found that the levels of tryptophan (Trp) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) wereincreased,and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) level and 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio decreased in the raphe nucleiof the obese group as compared with the normal group;and that acupuncture could produce weightreduction,increase the 5-HT level and 5-HT/5-HIAA ratio,and decrease the contents of Trp and5-HIAA,but did not change the levels of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA).It is indicated thatbenign regulative action of acupuncture on 5-HT and its metabolism in the raphe nuclei is possibly oneof the factors for reducing weight by acupuncture.

Interplay of neuropilin-1 and semaphorin 3A after partial hepatectomy in rats

AIM： To elucidate the role of neuropilin-1 （Nrp-1） and semaphorin 3A （Sema3A） in sinusoidal remodeling dur- ing liver regeneration in rats. METHODS： Male Wistar/ST rats at 7 wk of age, weigh- ing about 200 g, were used for all animal experiments. In vivo, at 24, 48, 72, 96, 144 and 192 h after two- thirds partial hepatectomy （PHx）, the remnant livers were removed. Liver tissues were immunohistochemi- cally stained for Nrp-1, Sema3A and SE-1, a liver sinu- soidal endothelial cell （SEC） marker. Total RNA of the liver tissue was extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNA. The mRNA expression of Sema3A was ana- lyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reac- tion and normalized to that of ribosomal protein $18. In vitro, SECs were isolated from rat liver and cultured in endothelial growth medium containing 20 ng/mL vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Migration of SECs in primary culture was assessed by cell transwell assay with or without recombinant Sema3A. Apoptotic cells were determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling method. RESULTS： In vitro, immunohistochemistry study re- vealed that Sema3A and Nrp-1 were constitutively ex- pressed in hepatocytes and SECs, respectively, in normal rat liver tissues. Nrp-1 expression in SECs was quantified by the percentage of immunostained area with anti- Nrp-1 antibody in relation to the area stained with SE-1. Between 24 h and 96 h following resection of liver, Nrp-1 expression in SECs was transiently increased. Compared with the baseline （5.2% ± 0.1%）, Nrp-1 expression in SECs significantly increased at 24 h （17.3% ± 0.7%, P 〈 0.05）, 48 h （39.1% ± 0.6%, P 〈 0.01）, 72 h （46.9% ± 4.5%, P 〈 0.01） and 96 h （29.9% ±3.8%, P 〈 0.01） after PHx, then returned to the basal level at termination of liver regeneration. Interestingly, the expression of Sema3A was inversely associated with that of Nrp-1 in liver after PHx. Sema3A mRNA expres- sion was significantly reduced by about 75% over the period 24-144 h after PHx （P 〈 0.05）, and returned to basal levels at 192 h after PHx. In vitro, SECs isolated from rats after PHx （PHx-SECs） were observed to mi- grate to the lower chamber of the cell transwell system after incubation for 24 h, but not cells from normal rats （CONT-SECs）, indicating that mobility of PHx-SECs increases as compared with that of CONT-SECs. More- over, recombinant Sema3A significantly attenuated mi- gration in PHx-SECs in primary culture （vehicle-treated 100% ± 7.9% vs Sema3A-treated 42.6% ± 5.4%, P 〈 0.01）, but not in CONT-SECs. Compared with CONT- SECs, the apoptotic rate of PHx-SECs decreased by 78.3% （P 〈 0.05）. There was no difference in apopto- sis between CONT-SECs that were treated with vehicle and Sema3A. However, in PHx-SECs, apoptosis was induced by the presence of 5 nmol Sema3A for 24 h （vehicle-treated 21.7%±7.6% vs Sema3A-treated 104.3% ± 8.9%, P 〈 0.05）. In addition, immunohisto- chemistry confirmed the increased expression of Nrp-1 in PHx-SECs, while it was noted to a lesser extent in CONT-SECs. CONCLUSION： The interplay of Nrp-1 and Sema3A shown in our results may lead to a better understand- ing of interaction between sinusoidal remodeling and SECs during liver regeneration.

Visualization of bHLH transcription factor interactions in living mammalian cell nuclei and developing chicken neural tube by FRET

Members of the basic helix-loop-helix （bHLH） gene family play important roles in vertebrate neurogenesis. In this study, confocal microscopy-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer （FRET） is used to monitor bHLH protein-protein interactions under various physiological conditions. Tissue-specific bHLH activators, NeuroD 1, Mash 1, Neurogenin 1 （Ngn 1）, Neurogenin2 （Ngn2）, and ubiquitous expressed E47 protein are tagged with enhanced yellow fluorescence protein （EYFP） and enhanced cyan fluorescence protein （ECFP）, respectively. The subcellular localization and mobility ofbHLH fusion proteins are examined in HEK293 cells. By transient transfection and in ovo electroporation, four pairs of tissue-specific bHLH activators and E47 protein are over-expressed in HEK293 cells and developing chick embryo neural tube. With the acceptor photobleaching method, FRET could be detected between these bHLH protein pairs in the nuclei of transfected cells and developing neural tubes. Mashl/E47 and Ngn2/E47 FRET pairs show higher FRET efficiencies in the medial and the lateral half of chick embryo neural tube, respectively. It suggests that these bHLH protein pairs formed functional DNA-protein complexes with regulatory elements of their downstream target genes in the specific regions. This work will help one understand the behaviours of bHLH factors in vivo.

Nuclear power plant fault diagnosis based on genetic-RBF neural network

It is necessary to develop an automatic fault diagnosis system to avoid a possible nuclear disaster caused by an inaccurate fault diagnosis in the nuclear power plant by the operator. Because Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) has the characteristics of optimal approximation and global approximation. The mixed coding of binary system and decimal system is introduced to the structure and parameters of RBFNN, which is trained in course of the genetic optimization. Finally, a fault diagnosis system according to the frequent faults in condensation and feed water system of nuclear power plant is set up. As a result, Genetic-RBF Neural Network (GRBFNN) makes the neural network smaller in size and higher in generalization ability. The diagnosis speed and accuracy are also improved.

Feeding behavior and gene expression of appetite-related neuropeptides in mice lacking for neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subclass

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent neurotransmitter for feeding. Besides NPY, orexigenic neuropeptides such as agouti-related protein (AgRP), and anorexi- genic neuropeptides such as α-melatonin stimulating hormone (MSH) and cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) are also involved in central feeding regulation. During fasting, NPY and AgRP gene expressions are up-regulated and POMC and CART gene ex- pressions are down-regulated in hypothalamus. Based on the network of peptidergic neurons, the former are involved in positive feeding regulation, and the latter are involved in negative feeding, which exert these feeding-regulated peptides especially in paraventricular nucleus (PVN). To clarify the compensatory mecha- nism of knock-out of NPY system on feeding, change in gene expressions of appetite-related neuropeptides and the feeding behavior was studied in NPY Y5-KO mice. Food intake was increased in Y5-KO mice. Fasting increased the amounts of food and water intake in the KO mice more profoundly. These data indicated the compensatory phenomenon of feeding behavior in Y5-KO mice. RT-PCR and ISH suggested that the compensation of feeding is due to change in gene expressions of AgRP, CART and POMC in hypothalamus. Thus, these fi ndings indicated that the compensatory mechanism involves change in POMC/CART gene expression in arcuate nucleus (ARC). The POMC/CART gene expression is important for central compensatory regulation in feeding behavior.

Analyze the service outsourcing on the base of the modern economy theory

The paper provides information about the concept and the characteristics of the service outsourcing. It also analyzes the service outsourcing classification and the modem economy theory of the service outsourcing. Through the analysis, we hope to provide the foundation for further study.

Evaluating Value of Natural Landscapes in China

Natural landscapes consist of the natural substances, environment, and phenomena, all of which provide many benefits to people, including a sense of place, sightseeing, relaxing, and recuperating. However, the economic value of natural landscapes has only been recognized in recent decades, and the resulting large-scale decline and degradation of ecosystems now severely threatens the sustainable provision of their services to society. There is an emerging consensus that natural capital should be incorporated into the current socioeconomic accounting system. Many studies valuated natural resources at local and regional scales, but there are very few empirical studies at a national level. To provide a benchmark for natural landscape management on a national scale, we use the travel cost method(TCM) and the contingent valuation method(CVM) to determine the economic value and the spatial distribution of natural landscapes across China. Our results show that the total economic value of China′s natural landscape was 9.75 × 10^(11) U.S. dollars(USD) in 2012. Of this value, the highest proportion was in the eastern and southwestern regions of China, which accounts for 23.7% and 18.3%, respectively. The provinces of Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Heilongjiang were the top five in terms of the largest number of natural landscapes and largest economic values. Together, these five provinces accounted for 32.9% of the total number of natural landscapes and 29.4% of the total economic value in 2012. We believe this study will increase awareness of the value of natural landscapes, and more importantly provide a scientific basis for resolving conflicts between development and resource conservation.

Prokaryotic expression of recombinant human p75NTR-Fc fusion protein and its effect on the neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglia neuron

Objective： To clone, express, and identify the extracellular domain gene of human p75 neurotrophin receptor with IgG-Fe （hp75NTR-Fc） in prokaryotic expression system, and investigate the effect of the recombinant protein on dorsal root ganglia （DRG） neuron neurites. Methods： The hp75NTR-Fc coding sequence was amplified from pcDNA-hp75NTR-Fc by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and subcloned into vector pET30a （＋）, in which hp75NTR-Fc expression was controlled under the T7 promoter. The recombinant vectors were amplified in E. coli DH5α and identified by PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing, and then transformed into E. coli BL21 （DE3）. The expression product was analyzed with SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Then after the recombinant protein purified with Protein A affinity chromatograph, and renaturated with dialysis, respectively, the effect of the recombinant protein on DRG neuron neuritis was further investigated. Results： The results of PCR, enzyme digestion, and sequencing demonstrated the success of inserting the hp75NTR-Fc fragment into vector pET30a （＋）. SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed a positive protein band with molecular weight about 50 kD in the expression product, which is accordant with the interest protein, and this band could be specifically recognized by rabbit anti-NGFRp75 antibody. The purified infusion protein following dialysis could promote neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons cultured with myelin-associated glycoprotein （MAG）. Conclusion： The hp75NTR-Fc coding sequence was subcloned into the expression vector pET30a （＋） correctly and expressed successfully in the prokaryotie expression system. The infusion protein could promote neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons cultured with MAG.