A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions,...A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions, the mechanisms associated with fathers＇ structural characteristics of work that produce divergent labor market outcomes are less well understood. The authors leveraged the cases of productivity and specialization, family and responsibility, and compensating differentials and examined the impacts of work context and occupational characteristics on the pay gap between fathers and non-fathers Based on joint data from the 1997-2015 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth （NLSY97） and Occupational Information Network （O＇NET） （n -- 37,138）, the authors used fixed-effects models to estimate the associations between job features and the fatherhood premium. The regression results showed that occupations entailing competition and requiring on-the-job training are associated with more wage bonus; occupations offering inflexible schedule are associated with less wage gain These work-related characteristics further emphasize fathers＇ work structure and context, human capital accumulation, and work-family conflict. Overall, these findings are consistent with the theoretical perspectives of productivity and specialization and compensating differentials, adding new evidences to the structural explanations of the fatherhood premium.展开更多
Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy condi...Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy conditions of the district. In this paper a maiden adoption of the matter-element is applied to combine with information entropy theory to analyze distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations based on concerned literature and historical data, and a multi-objective decision-making model on analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations is set up based on matter-element and extension model. Based on establishing sutra field and controlled field, we apply relating function of matter- element and extension set to get relating function value of the railway refrigeration container handling stations. Finally a case study is carried out to verify the validity, objectivity and applicability of this model through calculated and compared with traditional analysis methods. Practicality application indicates that this method can avoid subjectivity of weighting, but enhance the extensibility, the model mentioned above has guiding significance and applied value for analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations.展开更多
文摘A differential fatherhood premium exists among selected groups of fathers of various socio-economic backgrounds. Besides marital status, residential arrangement, biological paternity, and other demographic dimensions, the mechanisms associated with fathers＇ structural characteristics of work that produce divergent labor market outcomes are less well understood. The authors leveraged the cases of productivity and specialization, family and responsibility, and compensating differentials and examined the impacts of work context and occupational characteristics on the pay gap between fathers and non-fathers Based on joint data from the 1997-2015 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth （NLSY97） and Occupational Information Network （O＇NET） （n -- 37,138）, the authors used fixed-effects models to estimate the associations between job features and the fatherhood premium. The regression results showed that occupations entailing competition and requiring on-the-job training are associated with more wage bonus; occupations offering inflexible schedule are associated with less wage gain These work-related characteristics further emphasize fathers＇ work structure and context, human capital accumulation, and work-family conflict. Overall, these findings are consistent with the theoretical perspectives of productivity and specialization and compensating differentials, adding new evidences to the structural explanations of the fatherhood premium.
文摘Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy conditions of the district. In this paper a maiden adoption of the matter-element is applied to combine with information entropy theory to analyze distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations based on concerned literature and historical data, and a multi-objective decision-making model on analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations is set up based on matter-element and extension model. Based on establishing sutra field and controlled field, we apply relating function of matter- element and extension set to get relating function value of the railway refrigeration container handling stations. Finally a case study is carried out to verify the validity, objectivity and applicability of this model through calculated and compared with traditional analysis methods. Practicality application indicates that this method can avoid subjectivity of weighting, but enhance the extensibility, the model mentioned above has guiding significance and applied value for analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations.
