试论洪大容的实学思想

朝鲜李朝后期的“北学派”肇始于洪大容,他的实学思想具有开创意义,尤其在宇宙自然观方面,为“北学派”实学奠定了宇宙自然观、世界观的基础。他的“实心实学”也受到当代韩、日两国实学界的关注。在“北学派”实学家中,洪大容最先到了中国,考察了京、热、冀、辽的经济、政治、文化、社会民情、风土文物,最早提出了北学中国的主张,因此,具有重要的文化史意义和开风气的作用。

清初名儒李颙的治学之道

李禺页对理学的重要贡献在于他为清初理学的治学之道开辟了一条新思路 .这个新思路由“明体适用”开始 ,由“悔过自新”入手 ,并坚持传统理学的为学之道和为学之义 ,在“明道”“体道”的不断探索中 ,进而去“行道”和“达道” ,最终进入学的最高境界 ,实现“弘道’的目的。而这一切都不能背离“经济实学”的儒学初衷。这既是对宋明理学偏重心学和性理空谈的一种纠正 ,也是向原始儒学的一种复归 ,是对理学的一种发展。

儒学精神与启蒙思潮的沟通——论李颙(二曲)思想的特征及其价值

本文以清初大儒李顒为例,探讨了晚明以来传统儒学演变、更新的一个必经环节。李顒力倡“悔过自新说”,反思儒学发展中的弊端和偏失,进而阐发出理学与经济关系之论,主张循儒学基本精神,和当时社会的国计、农技、水法等经济实学事务相联,在儒学传统和启蒙思潮之间架设了沟通的桥梁。又积极推动儒学的平民化进程,是开儒学近代转化之先风。

“关学”与张子祠述略

「关学」与张子祠述略严海燕一长期以来，提起三秦本土的人文精英，人们只道文学有白居易，史学有司马迁，而绝少为他——北宋“关学”创始人张载赞一词；尽管在一个相当长的历史时期，这位杰出的思想家、教育家，曾同周敦颐、程颢、程颐、朱熹一道被尊奉为“学达性天”（...

Chinese Policies and Practices regarding Payments for Ecological Services in Watersheds

Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from water-sheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increas-ingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a re-view of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, in-cluding the analysis of an ecological construction project in West-ern China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key com-ponents of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin.

Optimization of Equipment Maintenance Strategy Based on Availability

It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence cost and failure characteristic are also important parameters. Maintenance strategy can be optimized on the base by means of quantitative analysis and diagram.

Comparative Utilization of Different Fibre Feedstuffs by Weaning/Growing Pigs in the Tropics

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding different fibre feedstuffs on the performance, nutrient utilization and economics of production of weaning/growing pigs. Five fibre feedstuffs--palm kernel cake （PKC）, wheat offal （WO）, corn bran （CB）, rice bran （RB） and brewers＇ dried grain （BDG） were used at 25% in each of the five experimental diets that were formulated in this study. Twenty weaner pigs （12.75 ± 0.6 kg） were used for the growth study while 15 pigs （14.95 ± 0.57 kg） were used for the digestibility study. The design of the experiment was completely randomized. The results of the study showed that the performance of the experimental animals were significantly influenced （P 〈 0.05） by the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of the crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract showed significant differences （P 〈 0.05） while there was no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the apparent digestibility of their dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract. The diet that contained WO had the best growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility. Results of economics of production also showed that diet with WO gave the best （P 〈 0.05） value in feed cost/＇kg gain and net profit/animal. It can be concluded from this study that although all the animals fed the different fibre feedstuffs performed satisfactorily on all the parameters monitored, but for optimum growth, apparent nutrients digestibility and economics of production. WO should be used as a fibre feedstuff in the diets of weaning/growing pigs in the tropics.

Empirical Study on Standardization Curricula in Chinese Universities

This paper summarizes partial findings on education about standardization by CNIS in 2008. As of December 31, 2008, 21 universities and colleges in China had established a standardization curriculum. This paper deals with standardization education related to economic management, engineering, agriculture and science of law and summarizes respondents＇ opinions on teaching performances and design of teaching materials and curriculums.

A policy analysis based on policy network theory in yunnan province

＂Mass entrepreneurship and innovation＂ as become the new engine of China＇s economic development. In this paper, based on the policy network theory, to conduct the thorough research to the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy in yunnan province, and connecting with the present situation of college students＇ innovative undertaking in yunnan, through to explain the framework For the college students＇ innovative undertaking policy change for empirical analysis. In order to further promote the innovation and entrepreneurship of yuunan university students, it also needs to solve the problems of policy overlap, reintroduction, light execution, and long management.

Analysis of the Per Capita Generation of Municipal Solid Waste by Socioeconomic Strata in Veracruz, Mexico, Using a Statistical Experimental Design

The management of municipal solid waste （MSW） is currently one of the major environmental concerns in Mexico. Therefore, municipalities must develop local programs for prevention and integrated management of MSW based on the data of MSW generation; however, these are scarce and diffuse. It is known that the MSW generation is affected by many factors, including life level. Given the importance of having reliable data, the objective of this study was to determine the per capita MSW generation of a small urban locality in the state of Veracruz and test whether there were significant statistic differences of per capita M SW generation among the life levels. The households were randomly sampled according to the Mexican standard of reference and were classified as popular, middle and residential. The per capita MSW generation determined was 0.355 kg·inhab^-1.day^-1. This value was lower than the value estimated by the national reference, suggesting that it might be overestimated and consequently lead to errors in estimating installations costs for the MSW treatment. The result of the experimental design revealed that there were significant statistic differences in the per capita MSW generation among the three socioeconomic strata. This study will allow the municipality to establish better strategies within the municipal program and differential rate for the provision of public clean service and it also provides a solid basis for future research under similar conditions.

Market regulation and government intervention of vocational education＇s development

Government intervention and market regulation are two important ways in the process of economic operations, effective govemment intervention and market regulation can promote development of economic. This article briefly summarizes economists defined the government intervention and market regulation in the history of economic. Since the founding of New China, it elaborated to defining process of government intervention and market regulation in the development China＇ s economic. Under the new situation, it proposed government intervention should combine market regulation to achieve sound and fast development of economic. Market regulation in the development of vocational education for the economic development is the goal of training practical talents of vocational education. This objective requires that vocational education must work closely with the needs of economics＇ development and service for the economics＇ development. Under the system of planned economy, contraction between supply of talent and needs of economic is planning to achieve indirectly through a unified government.

Will the Service Sector Promote China’s Long-Term Employment Growth?

The coexistence of the slowing-down economy and the buoyant employment market has been the pattern in China in recent years, and the service sector has played an important role in this regard. This paper uses empirical analysis to prove that the service sector has a long-term mechanism to promote employment growth： first, the verification of the Baumol-Fuchs hypothesis shows that the income elasticity of demand for services in China is greater than 1. As the current development of the services is lagging behind, this sector has great development potential. Second, the revised employment equation shows that the employment elasticity of the service sector is much higher than that of the industrial sector, and its employment adhesiveness is stronger as well. The employment of the service sector can not only create more jobs for the national economy, but also help stabilize the job market. The employment pressure in China is mainly caused by migrant workers and college graduates. To solve the employment problems of these two groups, China has to promote the development of traditional services and speed up the upgrading of emerging services at the same time, and should neglect neither. This paper provides recommendations accordingly.

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Rule of Law and Methodological Innovation

The practice of the international rule of law needs a theoretical guide, and the formulation of the theory of international law has to depend upon practice, which imposes new requirement upon the methodology of international law. Traditional research into legal doctrine is unfavorable to the creative exertion of international jurisprudence, and the research methods of social sciences are playing an increasingly important role in the methodological innovation of international law. From the perspective of promotion of the international rule of law, the study of international law needs to deep research a State＇s motives, cause and innate logic in observing international aw, and law and economics can show its capability in this field. For the international rule of law, basic research needs to be carried about such social surroundings as where the rules are produced and applied and exerting influences. The research method of the sociology of law exactly hits the point. The application of empirical and experimental research methods offers a beforehand ＂rehearsal＂ chance for the process of the rule of law to grasp the pros and cons in the planning andpractice of the rule of law. The cooperation between the research methods of social science and the traditional research method of international law can reasonably interpret the phenomena of international relations and promote the international rule of law.

The threshold effect of the urban-rural income disparity on real economic growth in China

Given China＇s dual urban-rural structure, this paper employs the Theil index for measuring and depicting China＇s urban-rural income disparity and its characteristics. Furthermore, this paper specifies a nonlinear threshold cointegration model to reveals a nonlinear relationship between the urban-rural income gap and real economic growth over a long period since reform and opening up in China. Our results show that the regime switch of the long-term nonlinear threshold relationship takes place at the 0.100 （threshold value） of the Theil index. From 1978 to 1991, the long-term effect of the urban- rural income disparity on China＇s economic growth was positive; between 1992 and 1999, there was a smooth transition to a negative effect; and from 1999 on, the negative effect has been increasing year by year. Income disparity now has the effect of retarding China＇s real economic growth.

MARSHALLIAN DEVIATION:NEW OBSERVABLE CRITERION TO MEASURE TRANSACTION PATHS IN DOUBLE AUCTION MARKETS

In measuring the trade process in a double auction (DA) market, there is not any observable criterion that is able to describe the matching pairs and their transaction order dynamically. In this paper, we propose a new observable criterion called Marshallian deviation. It can be used to measure the distance of a transaction path deviating from the Marshallian path mathematically, and to answer the question why buyers with high values will trade with sellers with low costs in advance in some types of DA but not in others. Furthermore, three factors influencing the Marshallian deviations both in the CDA and in the PDA are also studied. They are respectively the strategic algorithm, the transaction duration and the number of traders. A few interesting findings are presented.