基于非经济生物量的中国耕地碳汇空间分布研究

以往在生态足迹的研究中,囿于简化模型与耕地碳汇计算方法的限制,耕地碳汇功能常常被忽视。该研究尝试基于统计数据和非经济生物量来计算省级尺度的耕地碳汇。以我国国家统计局公布的24种主要作物经济产量统计数据为基础,用作物经济系数、根茬系数计算出非经济生物量。GIS分析显示,我国省域耕地碳汇量与耕地碳汇效率在空间上存在明显差异。其中,耕地碳汇量呈现东西部偏小、中部偏大的空间差异性;耕地固碳效率呈现东西低、中间高,南方大于北方的总体趋势。由于耕地碳汇量巨大,测算时应当考虑耕地的碳汇功能。影响耕地碳汇功能发挥的因素多样,且地区差异较大,应分区域制定差异化引导政策,从而促进耕地碳汇功能的充分发挥。

不同树龄三倍体毛白杨生物量分布规律

以5个不同树龄、相同密度及管理措施的三倍体毛白杨纸浆林为对象,研究了其生物量、生物量分配及经济生物量与测树因子之间的关系,结果表明:不同树龄的三倍体毛白杨单株生物量之间存在显著差异,生物量与树龄之间以线性方程y=8.929 3x-8.278 4为最优,R2的值达到0.929 7;林木生物量在不同器官间的分配随树龄增大发生变化,干的生物量所占比率从造林的当年占总生物量的44.10%上升到68.44%,枝的生物量所占比率从2.14%上升到10.83%,根的生物量所占比率基本在5%左右,叶的生物量所占比率从8.93%下降到4.76%,而根桩的生物量所占比率从39.20%下降到8.58%;经济生物量与胸径及D2H之间以指数形式的拟合最优,方程分别为y=0.177 1D2.122 4、y=0.130 4(D2H)0.732,相关系数分别为R2=0.995 3、R2=0.994 7。

高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤研究进展

植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要方法之一。利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤,能够兼顾生态和经济效益,具有很大的应用前景。本文系统分析了植物修复现状及存在的问题,提出利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤的优势,总结了近年来利用高生物量经济植物吸收重金属的研究进展,探讨了改善高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤效率的方法,以期为提高植物修复经济效益、促进植物修复广泛应用提供参考。

草地承包中、前期放牧行为及相关生态补偿对策建模研究

分析牧民的放牧行为并予以指导,有助于缓解或避免由于过度放牧导致的草地退化。利用牧草生长-消费模型,引入贴现影响,分析了牧民接手草地后的承包前期和中期放牧行为。结果显示,在承包前期,无论草地产权制度多么完善,当初始牧草生物量较高时,牧民总会采用最大放牧强度,使牧草生物量迅速下降至经济最佳牧草生物量水平。在承包中期,牧民会降低放牧强度,使牧草生物量维持在经济最佳牧草生物量水平。承包中期的放牧强度与贴现率正相关,此时的牧草生物量与贴现率负相关。为保障牧草生物量不低于一定的阈值,可以采取向牧民发放生态补偿金的经济措施,以促使牧民降低放牧强度。补偿金额是补偿系数与实际牧草生物量的乘积,补偿系数与贴现率正相关,与牧草生物量阈值负相关。

Bioactive Characteristics of Soil Microorganisms in Different-aged Orange (Citrus reticulate) Plantations

[Objective] The paper was to study the bioactive characteristics of soil microorganisms in different-aged orange plantations. [Method] Taking 010 cm deep soil in 3 orange plantations with different planting years in suburb of Yichang City as the test object, the variation rule of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil pH value, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, number of 3 main types of soil microbial flora, basal respiration, microbial entropy and metabolic entropy in differentaged orange plantations was studied. [Result] With the increase of planting years, the soil acidification of different-aged orange plantations was aggravating; total organic carbon and total nitrogen content increased first and then decreased; the total number of soil microorganism showed a downtrend, of which the number of bacteria decreased significantly, the number of actinomycetes had small changes, the number of fungi increased significantly, and the ratio of bacteria and fungi in soil （B/F） showed a decreasing trend. Soil microbial biomass carbon was fluctuated within a small range, whereas soil microbial biomass nitrogen decreased significantly; soil microbial entropy decreased significantly, and metabolic entropy showed an increasing trend. This indicated that the decrease of soil pH value affected the changes of soil microbial flora, microbial activity, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and soil major nutrients, and further affected the normal exertion of soil function. [Conclusion] The study explores soil nutrient characteristics and changes of microbial flora in test area, which will provide scientific basis for further study on orchard soil and orchard management.

Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from and the Economic Efficiency of the ＂Hita City Biomass Recycle Center＂

Many biomass recycling facilities have been established in Japan, but its environmental efficiencies have been studied little. MIC has stated that these facilities do not work as well as expected. The environmental and economic efficiencies ofa biomass recycling center （representative of other recycling facilities） in Hita city are assessed here. The center was built to decrease the amount of waste needing to be disposed of, and is unusual in that it generates electricity using the methane produced. Electricity produced from biomass sells at a higher price than electricity sold by electricity companies in Japan, and this strongly affects the recycling center operation. The environmental efficiency of the recycling center was assessed using a lifecycle assessment method, and the economic efficiency was assessed from the amounts of greenhouse gases emitted and the running costs. As the result, it was clear that the recycling center emits about 20% of the greenhouse gases that were previously emitted. Treating biomass at the recycling center costs 1,356 yen per ton of biomass throughout the year. In conclusion, the recycling center decreases the environmental footprint of Hita city. The cost of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions is about 1,400 yen per ton of biomass.

Effects of simulated flue gases on growth and lipid production of Chlorella sorokiniana CS-01

To study the abilities of Chlorella sorokiniana CS-01 on using CO2 from flue gases to produce biodiesel,the microaglae was cultured with different simulated flue gases containing 5%-15%(volume fraction) of CO2.The results show that strain CS-01 could grow at 15% CO2 and grow well under CO2 contents ranging from 5%-10%.The maximal biomass productivity and lipid productivity were obtained when aerating with 10% of CO2.The lipids content ranged from 28% to 43% of dry mass of biomass.The main fatty acid compositions of strain CS-01 were C14-C18(>72%) short-chain FAMEs(known as biodiesel feedstocks).Meanwhile,the biodiesel productivity was over 60%,suggesting that Chlorella sorokiniana CS-01 has a great potential for CO2 mitigation and biodiesel production.Furthermore,differential expression of three genes related to CO2 fixation and fatty acid synthesis were studied to further describe the effect of simulated flue gases on the growth and lipid accumulation of strain CS-01 at molecular level.

Spatio-temporal changes in biomass carbon sinks in China's forests from 1977 to 2008

Forests play a leading role in regional and global carbon (C) cycles. Detailed assessment of the temporal and spatial changes in C sinks/sources of China's forests is critical to the estimation of the national C budget and can help to constitute sustainable forest management policies for climate change. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal changes in forest biomass C stocks in China between 1977 and 2008, using six periods of the national forest inventory data. According to the definition of the forest inventory, China's forest was categorized into three groups: forest stand, economic forest, and bamboo forest. We estimated forest biomass C stocks for each inventory period by using continuous biomass expansion factor (BEF) method for forest stands, and the mean biomass density method for economic and bamboo forests. As a result, China's forests have accumulated biomass C (i.e., biomass C sink) of 1896 Tg (1Tg=1012g) during the study period, with 1710, 108 and 78 Tg C in forest stands, and economic and bamboo forests, respectively. Annual forest biomass C sink was 70.2 Tg Ca-1 , offsetting 7.8% of the contemporary fossil CO2 emissions in the country. The results also showed that planted forests have functioned as a persistent C sink, sequestrating 818 Tg C and accounting for 47.8% of total C sink in forest stands, and that the old-, mid- and young-aged forests have sequestrated 930, 391 and 388 Tg C from 1977 to 2008. Our results suggest that China's forests have a big potential as biomass C sink in the future because of its large area of planted forests with young-aged growth and low C density.

Comparative Assessment of the Effect of Wastewater Sludge Biochar on Growth,Yield and Metal Bioaccumulation of Cherry Tomato

To investigate the potential effects of wastewater sludge and sludge biochar on growth, yield and metal bioaccumulation of cherry tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum L.）, a pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse environment with three different treatments, control soil （CP）, soil with wastewater sludge （SS） and soil with sludge biochar （SB）, to reveal the comparative effect between the amendments of wastewater sludge and sludge biochar. The soil used for pot experiment was Chromosol. Wastewater sludge and sludge biochax produced through pyrolysis process at 550 ℃ were applied at 10 t ha-1. No significant difference was found in growth and production of cherry tomatoes between wastewater sludge and sludge biochar applications to the soil. The accumulation rates of metals in the fruits were lower in the treatment with sludge biochar than in the treatment with wastewater sludge. The study highlights the benefits of risk mitigation from toxic metal accumulation in fruits using wastewater sludge and sludge biochar as soil conditioners.