As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security.However, the valuatio...As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security.However, the valuation on the forest ecosystem services based on regional scale could not provide precise and reasonable values for forestry sector management.In this study, we estimated the magnitudes and economic values of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing at sublot level.The economic value of forest ecosystem services in Beijing was estimated to be 19 339.71×10 6 yuan(RMB) in 2004.Among all the ecosystem services indicators we estimated in this study, only fruit, timber and part of the recreation(which only include the tourism income from the forest parks and scenic areas, but not include that from other forest types) were measured in the social economic system.As estimated in this study, more than 82.19% of the economic value of forest ecosystem services could not be measured in the socio-economic statistical system.The importance of forest ecosystem services in Beijing to human welfare was underestimated by the socio-economic system.Therefore, the policies about the eco-compensation of forest ecosystem services should be established to maintain the sustainable supply of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing.展开更多
Most of the Zambian population, the poor people in affluent society, are enmeshed in the net of poverty. The Zambian government seems to have failed in its contractual obligation to respect and sustain its social cont...Most of the Zambian population, the poor people in affluent society, are enmeshed in the net of poverty. The Zambian government seems to have failed in its contractual obligation to respect and sustain its social contract with the people. There is a seemingly total collapse of social security, increased unemployment rate and consequently decreased living conditions among the youth. This study sets out to investigate the correlation between unemployment and living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II by analyzing the impact of unemployment and suggests strategic solutions to mitigate the levels of unemployment. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact on the living conditions caused by unemployment in Zambia specifically in Kaunda Square Stage II and adopt strategic solutions that will mitigate creation of jobs to improve the living conditions. The study underscores that unemployment is a universal phenomenon, not necessarily a peculiar characteristic of any segment of the society. Reducing poverty, preventing excessive inequality, and generating adequate employment are the three most important goals of a macroeconomic strategy that seeks to improve the living standards of the population. Inequality and employment are each a complex phenomenon and difficult to capture with a single measurement, particularly in a low-income economy undergoing change. It is in this context that the study intends to investigate the correlation between unemployment and living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II and to provide strategic solutions that may improve living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II. The study concludes that high unemployment in Kaunda Square Stage II increases poverty which subsequently affects living conditions. Therefore, when, unemployment rates increase the opportunities for earning income decreases which instigate individuals to be poor. The paper closes with reflections on how good strategic solutions can be used to underwrite more employment reduction strategies.展开更多
Spatially explicit modeling techniques recently emerged as an alternative to monitor land use changes. This study adopted the well-known CLUE-S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model to...Spatially explicit modeling techniques recently emerged as an alternative to monitor land use changes. This study adopted the well-known CLUE-S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model to analyze the spatio-temporal land use changes in a hot-spot in Northeast China(NEC). In total,13 driving factors were selected to statistically analyze the spatial relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors and individual land use types. These relationships were then used to simulate land use dynamic changes during 1980–2010 at a 1 km spatial resolution,and to capture the overall land use change patterns. The obtained results indicate that increases in cropland area in NEC were mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain during 1980–2000,with a small reduction between 2000 and 2010. An opposite pattern was identified for changes in forest areas. Forest decreases were mainly distributed in the Khingan Mountains and the Changbai Mountains between 1980 and 2000,with a slight increase during 2000–2010. The urban areas have expanded to occupy surrounding croplands and grasslands,particularly after the year 2000. More attention is needed on the newly gained croplands,which have largely replaced wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain over the last decade. Land use change patterns identified here should be considered in future policy making so as to strengthen local eco-environmental security.展开更多
Studies in this article support the peace-building effects of interest similarity, and we have to re-evaluate the current world peace through a new lens of interest. Previous research has informed us that states with ...Studies in this article support the peace-building effects of interest similarity, and we have to re-evaluate the current world peace through a new lens of interest. Previous research has informed us that states with similar security and/or economic interests will experience fewer conflict onsets. This study begins with research treating interest similarity as a ＂facilitating condition for conflict,＂ and argues that in addition to security interest, capitalist economic policies that lead to the deeper integration of an economy into international markets should be considered one of the ultimate driving forces of peace. By discussing a brief description of bilateral peace in the China-Taiwan dyad, this article concludes that the China- Taiwan dyad has less possibility of encountering military conflict if both governments can maintain similarity in their security interests. Moreover, the author distinguishes different models in capitalist peace theory, which include the free-market and the social-market. Accordingly, this article examines three different prestigious capitalist models： trade, capital openness, and contract-intensive economy as social- market theory. The results suggest that the China-Taiwan case is an appropriate case for the trade （Weede, Economic development, social order, and world politics, 1996） and capital openness models （Gartzke, Am J Polit Sci 51（1）： 166-191, 2007）. Future studies need to be more aware of the model chosen for capitalist peace on cross-Strait relations.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No. 2009CB421106)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30770410)
文摘As the most important ecosystem in Beijing, the forest supports a lot of ecosystem services to local and around communities, which plays a key role in the maintenance of urban ecological security.However, the valuation on the forest ecosystem services based on regional scale could not provide precise and reasonable values for forestry sector management.In this study, we estimated the magnitudes and economic values of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing at sublot level.The economic value of forest ecosystem services in Beijing was estimated to be 19 339.71×10 6 yuan(RMB) in 2004.Among all the ecosystem services indicators we estimated in this study, only fruit, timber and part of the recreation(which only include the tourism income from the forest parks and scenic areas, but not include that from other forest types) were measured in the social economic system.As estimated in this study, more than 82.19% of the economic value of forest ecosystem services could not be measured in the socio-economic statistical system.The importance of forest ecosystem services in Beijing to human welfare was underestimated by the socio-economic system.Therefore, the policies about the eco-compensation of forest ecosystem services should be established to maintain the sustainable supply of the forest ecosystem services in Beijing.
文摘Most of the Zambian population, the poor people in affluent society, are enmeshed in the net of poverty. The Zambian government seems to have failed in its contractual obligation to respect and sustain its social contract with the people. There is a seemingly total collapse of social security, increased unemployment rate and consequently decreased living conditions among the youth. This study sets out to investigate the correlation between unemployment and living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II by analyzing the impact of unemployment and suggests strategic solutions to mitigate the levels of unemployment. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact on the living conditions caused by unemployment in Zambia specifically in Kaunda Square Stage II and adopt strategic solutions that will mitigate creation of jobs to improve the living conditions. The study underscores that unemployment is a universal phenomenon, not necessarily a peculiar characteristic of any segment of the society. Reducing poverty, preventing excessive inequality, and generating adequate employment are the three most important goals of a macroeconomic strategy that seeks to improve the living standards of the population. Inequality and employment are each a complex phenomenon and difficult to capture with a single measurement, particularly in a low-income economy undergoing change. It is in this context that the study intends to investigate the correlation between unemployment and living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II and to provide strategic solutions that may improve living conditions in Kaunda Square Stage II. The study concludes that high unemployment in Kaunda Square Stage II increases poverty which subsequently affects living conditions. Therefore, when, unemployment rates increase the opportunities for earning income decreases which instigate individuals to be poor. The paper closes with reflections on how good strategic solutions can be used to underwrite more employment reduction strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China No.41201089No.41271112+3 种基金The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesNo.CCNU15A05058National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of CAASNo.IARRP-2015-28
文摘Spatially explicit modeling techniques recently emerged as an alternative to monitor land use changes. This study adopted the well-known CLUE-S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model to analyze the spatio-temporal land use changes in a hot-spot in Northeast China(NEC). In total,13 driving factors were selected to statistically analyze the spatial relationships between biophysical and socioeconomic factors and individual land use types. These relationships were then used to simulate land use dynamic changes during 1980–2010 at a 1 km spatial resolution,and to capture the overall land use change patterns. The obtained results indicate that increases in cropland area in NEC were mainly distributed in the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain during 1980–2000,with a small reduction between 2000 and 2010. An opposite pattern was identified for changes in forest areas. Forest decreases were mainly distributed in the Khingan Mountains and the Changbai Mountains between 1980 and 2000,with a slight increase during 2000–2010. The urban areas have expanded to occupy surrounding croplands and grasslands,particularly after the year 2000. More attention is needed on the newly gained croplands,which have largely replaced wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain over the last decade. Land use change patterns identified here should be considered in future policy making so as to strengthen local eco-environmental security.
文摘Studies in this article support the peace-building effects of interest similarity, and we have to re-evaluate the current world peace through a new lens of interest. Previous research has informed us that states with similar security and/or economic interests will experience fewer conflict onsets. This study begins with research treating interest similarity as a ＂facilitating condition for conflict,＂ and argues that in addition to security interest, capitalist economic policies that lead to the deeper integration of an economy into international markets should be considered one of the ultimate driving forces of peace. By discussing a brief description of bilateral peace in the China-Taiwan dyad, this article concludes that the China- Taiwan dyad has less possibility of encountering military conflict if both governments can maintain similarity in their security interests. Moreover, the author distinguishes different models in capitalist peace theory, which include the free-market and the social-market. Accordingly, this article examines three different prestigious capitalist models： trade, capital openness, and contract-intensive economy as social- market theory. The results suggest that the China-Taiwan case is an appropriate case for the trade （Weede, Economic development, social order, and world politics, 1996） and capital openness models （Gartzke, Am J Polit Sci 51（1）： 166-191, 2007）. Future studies need to be more aware of the model chosen for capitalist peace on cross-Strait relations.
