经济法律责任社会性研究

经济法律责任的社会性,是指经济法律责任的设置、体系构建以及制度创设等基于社会公共性考虑,以维护社会整体利益为宗旨,兼容多种原则、制度而体现的一种整合性特征。主要体现在责任形式的综合性以及制裁方式的多样性,责任功能的多重性,责任保障制度与损失承担的社会化,强制力产生与强制程度的变化性,责任制度的创新与完善及其实现机制呈多元化趋势。经济法律责任应在构成要件的五个方面做出基于社会性的明显调整。

转型期微型经济的“社会性”及其社会政策取向

在我国社会生活中,微型经济是典型的"相关度高"与"显示度低"并存的社会经济现象。虽然微型经济与人们的日常生活息息相关,但在其被自觉关注的领域,尤其是在相关理论及政策研究中,却明显滞后于实践发展,并直接影响到公众认知。近年来,在全国范围强势掀起的"拆违"浪潮中,微型经济更是至大受害者。我国仍然处在社会的转型期,微型经济有着更加厚重的"社会性"内涵,并主要体现在:微型经济具有承载弱势者生存保障之"兜底性"的民生功能,具有维系、重构或激活传统人际关系的功能,具有继承或复活地方历史文化的功能,具有发挥"街道眼"以及释放人性自由的功能。尽管如此,微型经济普遍存在系统化的弱质性,且由此决定了建立或健全其配套性社会政策体系之必要。本文试图就转型期微型经济进行系统梳理,特别就其"社会性"属性作深度发掘,并在此基础上提出相关的社会政策思路或建议。

当代资本主义社会经济两重性与启示

资本主义经济是资本主义市场经济,资本主义私有制和市场经济共同决定了资本主义经济的两重性,即私人性和社会性。这两重性的具体表现是:资本主义生产目的的两重性,资本主义国有经济的两重性,资本主义社会福利和社会保障的两重性,资本主义财富积累的两重性等。在这些两重性中,资本主义私人性是资本主义本质的表现,资本主义社会性则是对资本主义自身的否定。资本主义经济社会性比重在历史发展进程中的不断增长,将预示着资本主义必然灭亡的历史前景。

当代资本主义社会经济两重性与启示

资本主义经济是资本主义市场经济。资本主义私有制和市场经济共同决定了资本主义经济的两重性,即私人性和社会性。其具体表现是:资本主义生产目的的两重性,资本主义国有经济的两重性,资本主义社会福利和社会保障的两重性;资本主义财富积累的两重性等。在这些两重性中,资本主义私人性是资本主义本质的表现,资本主义社会性则是对资本主义自身的否定。资本主义经济社会性比重在历史发展进程中的不断增长,将预示着资本主义必然灭亡的历史前景。

论消费者的社会责任

强化消费者社会责任,并不是说现今消费者权利已得到充分实现,也不是说已无保护必要。相反,在生态经济时代消费者权利的保护需要转向可持续消费保护。确立消费者的社会责任既是实现可持续消费的前提,也是真正实现消费者权利的出路。政府应完善传统的行政监管制度,积极建构新型的支援行政制度以及消费者教育制度,以确保消费者获得充分、全面的消费信息;否则让消费者承担社会责任,结果只会恶化对消费者权益的保护,并最终让消费者责任沦为政府不作为的借口和经营者逃避责任的挡箭牌。

社会创业研究

社会创业作为一种新的事物,被中国多接受是近几年的事。它是兼具社会性和经济性的创业活动。社会创业在欧洲及美国形成较早,总结欧美的研究成果对于社会创业活动在中国的发展具有积极的意义。本文旨在总结国内外社会创业的研究成果,及对我国社会企业发展的现状分析,为我国社会创业的发展、壮大开拓视野。

Modeling customer satisfaction for bus rapid transit in Changzhou, China

This paper aims to develop a customer satisfaction model for bus rapid transit （BRT）. Both the socio-economic and travel characteristics of passengers were considered to be independent variables. Changzhou BRT was taken as an example and on which on-board surveys were conducted to collect data. Ordinal logistic regression （OLR） was used as the modeling approach. The general OLR-based procedure for modeling customer satisfaction is proposed and based on which the customer satisfaction model of Changzhou BRT is developed. Some important findings are concluded： Waiting sub-journey affects customer satisfaction the most, riding sub- journey comes second and arriving station sub-journey has relatively fewer effects. The availability of shelter and benches at stations imposes heavy influence on customer satisfaction. Passengers＇ socio-economic characteristics have heavy impact on customer satisfaction.

Effects of Social and Economic Development of Regions Surrounding Chao Lake on Water Quality Change of Chao Lake

The research analyzed social and economic development around Chao Lake as well as changes of water quality in Chao Lake and explored the relation- ships of local population and GDP with water chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total phosphorus （TP）, total nitrogen （TN）, chlorophyll and eutrophication index. The re- sults showed that population around Chao Lake and GDP kept growing from 2001 to 2013, and water quality was improving. In addition, correlation analysis indicated that except of water eutrophication, GDP and population showed inverse correlation with other indices, demonstrating that water quality has been effectively controlled in Chao Lake recently.

Spatial Patterns of Car Sales and Their Socio-economic Attributes in China

Using data from the Economic Advisory Center of the State Information Center(SIC), we examined the spatial patterns of car sales in China at the prefectural level in 2012. We first analyzed the spatial distributions of car sales of different kinds of automakers(foreign automakers, Sino-foreign joint automakers, and Chinese automakers), and then identified spatial clusters using the local Moran's indexes. Location quotient analysis was applied to examine the relative advantage of each type of automaker in the local markets. To explain the variations of car sales across cities, we collected several socioeconomic variables and conducted regression analyses. Further, factor analysis was used to extract independent variables to avoid the problem of multicollinearity. By incorporating a spatial lag or spatial error in the models, we calibrated our spatial regression models to address the spatial dependence problem. The analytical results show that car sales varied significantly across cities in China, and most of the cities with higher car sales were the developed cities. Different automakers exhibit diverse spatial patterns in terms of car sales volume, spatial clusters, and location quotients. The scale and incomes factor were extracted and verified as the two most significant and positive factors that shape the spatial distributions of car sales, and together with the spatial effect, explained most of the variations of car sales across cities.

电影在市场运作过程中的双向追求

电影具有社会性和企业性双重特征。电影产品的外部物化形态是需要进入市场运作的商品,其内在本质是经过艺术处理后的意识和精神。电影应当注意到担负起争取经济效益和社会效益双种责任。振兴和发展中国电影的根本,在于遵循"思想性、艺术性、观赏性"的三性统一,在市场运作的过程中坚持双向追求,催生出真正优秀的电影产品。

Use of Farmers’ Indicators to Evaluate the Sustainability of Cropping Systems on Sloping Land in Yunnan Province, China

Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.

Sustainability of Transhumance Grazing Systems under Socio-economic Threats in Langtang,Nepal

The decline or loss of traditional social- ecological systems may induce adverse effects to the societies and ecosystems. Transhumance, the recurring and seasonal movement of grazing livestock, is increasingly constrained by a numbers of factors including policy, land use and soeio-economic changes in Nepal. To explore how these changes have affected the transhumance, this study investigated transhumance at the Langtang valley in central Nepal. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the herd size and composition, spatial-temporal patterns and to identify the major drivers of the system and the system changes. Data were collected from field study comprising semi-structured interviews with the herders, focus group discussions, key informants survey, and observations of rangeland and livestock management systems. The study revealed that the transhumanee system in the Langtang is influenced by two types of drivers. In one hand, traditional practices are contributing to the sustainability of the system. On the other hand, the grazing patterns and adaptive responses are strongly influenced by changes in government policies, socioeconomic and cultural transformation, livestock productivity, markets, rangeland conditions and climate change. The findings of this study help with the development and implementation of transhumance management policy for the sustainability.

Evaluation of Land-Use Efficiency Based on Regional Scale——A Case Study in Zhanjiang,Guangdong Province

Evaluating land use efficiency is critical to the revision of general land use planning. An assessment indicator system for regional land use efficiency was established in this paper from the aspects of society,economy,ecology and environment. The weight of each indicator was defined by an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy method (EM). Then,a case study in Zhanjiang was carried out to analyze the regional land use efficiency from 1996 to 2004 and its development by using the method of multifactor composite evaluation and an analytical model of the de-gree of coordination. The results indicate that land use efficiency with respect to society and the economy improved,whereas the ecological and environmental efficiencies were found to decrease. The degree of coordination in Zhanjiang is still at the status of basic coordination. Finally,measures for enhancing the ecological and environmental establish-ment are suggested in order to improve the regulations of land use structure and patterns,establish ecological forests for the public good and green corridors and prevent the soil erosion.

Perspectives on Poverty in Some Medieval French Literary Works

In the sense of destitution, human wretchedness, and powerlessness, poverty is a permanent feature of medieval society, inescapable for many men and women. Some virtuous, self-denying people voluntarily chose a life of poverty, usually with a sense of advancing in Christian spirituality. Often associated in moral writing with covetousness, poverty figures among the vices to avoid. In literary works, some instances of poverty and its victims have acquired exemplary value, as is the case of Yvain＇s encounter with three hundred women silk workers in Chr6tien de Troyes＇s 12th-century romance Le Chevalier au lion and its socio-economic implications. Two particular literary contexts are studied here： firstly, where poverty is a temporary condition, susceptible to change, that is improvement, by virtue of courtly-chivalrous action; and secondly, where poverty provides an effective means of disguise, despite possible dangers. While serving the narrative purpose, an ever-present aspect of reality was thus impressed on the audience

Measuring Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,China

Social vulnerability in this study represents the differences between the capacity to cope with natural hazards and disaster losses suffered within and between places.The assessment of social vulnerability has been recognized as a critical step in understanding natural hazard risks and enhancing effective response capabilities.This article presents an initial study of the social vulnerability of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(B-T-H) Region in China.The goal is to replicate and test the applicability of the United States Social Vulnerability Index(So VI) method in a Chinese cultural context.Thirty-nine variables adapted from the So VI were collected in relation to two aspects:socioeconomic vulnerability and built environment vulnerability.Using factor analysis,seven factors were extracted from the variable set:the structure of social development,the level of economic and government financial strength,social justice and poverty,family structure,the intensity of space development,the status of residential housing and transportation,and building structure.Factor scores were summed to get the final So VI scores and the most and least vulnerable units were identified and mapped.The highest social vulnerability is concentrated in the northwest of the study area.The least socially vulnerable areas are mainly distributed in the Beijing,Tianjin and Shijiazhuang core urban peripheral and central city areas of the prefecture-level cities.The results show that this method is a useful tool for revealing places that have a high level of vulnerability,in other words,areas which are more likely to face significant challenges in coping with a large-scale event.These findings could provide a scientific basis for policy making and the implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation in China.

Visual Prostheses: Technological and Socioeconomic Challenges

Visual prostheses are now entering the clinical marketplace. Such prostheses were originally targeted for patients suff ering from blindness through retinitis pigmentosa(RP). However, in late July of this year, for the first time a patient was given a retinal implant in order to treat dry agerelated macular degeneration. Retinal implants are suitable solutions for diseases that attack photoreceptors but spare most of the remaining retinal neurons. For eye diseases that result in loss of retinal output, implants that interface with more central structures in the visual system are needed. The standard site for central visual prostheses under development is the visual cortex. This perspective discusses the technical and socioeconomic challenges faced by visual prostheses.

The Coffee-Khat Interface in Eastern Ethiopia： A Controversial Land Use and Livelihood Change Scenario

The aim of the study was to assess the current trend of coffee and khat production as well as the subsequent land use and livelihood change scenario in the area. By so doing, the study tried to identify the impact of both commodities on the socio-economic well being of both the rural and urban communities. These areas, with regard to this particular study, cover all parts of the East and West Harerghe zones of the Oromiya National Regional State, the coffee and khat growing parts of the Somalia and Harari National Regional States as well as the Dire-Dawa Administration Council in Ethiopia. In so doing, the article is partly based on the first hand information gathered especially by the first author during his assigned mission in March 2002 by the institution he was then working for, i.e., Institute of Biodiversity Conservation （IBC）, Ethiopia. The study indicates that on top of other biotic and abiotic stress, ever since the first official appearance of coffee berry disease （CBD） in around 1973, there has been a huge shift in land use from coffee to khat with over 63% of the total coffee land being uprooted and converted into the later. As such, the study points out the fact that if the trend continues to keep unabated, it is very likely that the genetic base of the unique coffee type in the area will be similarly further endangered. On the other hand, the study states that the existing reality on the ground is entirely different from what appears to be true in the development or policy theories. Because of the absence of basic and sustainable options for CBD and other biotic and abiotic hazards prevailing in the area, including on other crops, as well as the absence of a fair trade price for their unique quality coffee at international level, farmers have been obliged to switch and increasingly rely on khat as an alternative God blessed commodity given to their locality. Thus, even though there are growing controversies and/or hasty health and social connotations against khat, it is very unlikely to recover the situation back to the origin so easily, as farmers have already gone far away changes in their way of farming and socio-economic set up, or as stated above in their land use and livelihood circumstances. Before a long-term solution is obtained to solve the multifaceted environmental, social and economic problems and explore other sustainable and socially inclusive alternatives, reckless and hasty restrictions and/or impositions can only be unjustifiable, as they will cause overall socio-economic difficulties to all the communities therein.

New Challenges and Opportunities for Flood Control in the Huai River: Addressing a Changing River-Lake Relationship

This paper addresses the change of the river-lake relationship in the Huai River and its causes due to environmental change and human activities. A preliminary analysis is made from three aspects: (1) the natural geographical change particularly captured by the Yellow River, (2) water conservancy project construction, and (3) socioeconomic development in the Huai River Basin. Key problems of changes in this river-lake relationship and the Huai River flood control are tackled, involving flood control and disaster alleviation ability of the Basin, engineering and non-engineering measurements applied to flood control and disaster mitigation, and water governance for adaptive management. Research shows that the Huai River is a rather complex one due to its complex geography with a hybrid wet and dry climate zoon, and higher population density. With the alternation of the river-lake relationship and socioeconomic development in the region, new problems keep arising, imposing new requirements on its sustainable water management. Thus, understanding the Huai River is a long and gradually improving process. Its future planning should keep absorbing new achievements of science and technology development, employing new technologies and methods, and gradually deepening our understanding of its fundamental principles. Water governance and adaptive water management will be new challenges and opportunities for the Basin in its river system change and flood control.

让理想的阳光照耀现实——借“华发世纪城”浅析商业地产中的建筑师定位

作为职业建筑师,毕竟公建、市政类项目是职业生涯中的较好选择。但是在中国急速城市化的过程中,住宅商业地产是大多数建筑师无法回避的设计类型。提供满足经济性、社会性和合理性的专业设计服务是职业道德的基本要求,反映到设计上,就是户型、立面和总图。"华发世纪城"是一个住宅商业地产的典型项目,从拍地到竣工,一路走来,三年多的努力和追求使得笔者对于"在商业地产中的建筑师定位"问题略有感悟。

Technological Evolution of Historic Structural Mortars

Mortars are among the first building materials used in constructions, even from prehistoric times （8th millennium BC）. Their study reveals a great source of information regarding the evolution of their technological characteristics and application techniques, the availability and exploitation of raw materials, as well the wider socio-economic aspects of each era. The aim of this paper is to comparatively evaluate the analysis results from approximately 1,000 structural mortar samples taken from various monuments and historic buildings of Greece, dated from the Hellenistic period, until the beginning of the 20th century. The analysis focused in the determination of their physico-mechanical and chemical properties, such as porosity, apparent specific gravity, mechanical strength, aggregates type and granulometry and chemical composition. Through the results＇ evaluation, significant remarks can be made upon the evolution of the raw materials used （binding system, aggregates, additives）, as well as regarding the final properties of historic structural mortars. It is concluded that hydrated lime was the main binding agent used for a long-lasting period of 2.5 millenniums, while mixed type binding systems based on lime and natural pozzolan were systematically used for producing durable mortars, resistant to humidity. In any case, it seems that ancient masons were fully aware of the significant role of mortars in constructions and were capable of exploiting the available raw materials and application techniques to the maximum.