库区经济社会生态效益评价指标体系设计探讨

依据我国目前水库综合效益的客观评价标准,参照有关评价指标体系的研究成果,在科学性与实用性相结合、系统性与层次性相结合、可行性与可操作性相结合、定量和定性相结合、动态和静态相结合的原则指导下,运用层次分析法,建立了我国库区经济社会生态效益评价指标体系。该评价指标体系由经济效益、社会效益、生态效益3个总体指标组成的模块层,人口、居民消费、教育等16个主体指标组成的准则层和人口自然增长率、人口年龄结构比、贫困人口所占比重等89个群体指标组成的基础层等3个层次构成。

A Recycling Agriculture Model Based on Edible Fungi Cultivation

[Objective]This study was to explore the model for the efficient utilization of agricultural resources,especially crop straw and livestock waste.[Methods]With Shandong Jiufa Edible Fungus Co.,Ltd.as a case,this paper described a recycling agriculture model based on edible fungi,and analyzed its economic,ecological and social benefit [Results]The recycling agriculture model,guided by the scale production,processing and vendition of medium for the culture edible fungi,mainly makes use of a large amount of agriculture wastes like wheat straw,livestock waste,for developing edible fungi industry,aiming at getting the intensive optimization of fund,technology,raw materials and products at village level and more surplus labors engaged in edible fungi production industry into reality.Moreover,this model provides multi-solutions to the utilization of a great deal of fungus dreg,which can not only solve the problem of fungus dreg generated in the edible fungi production,but also extend industrial chain and enhance the income of practitioners,further realizing maximum conversion of agricultural resources.[Conclusion]This model can make well use of agricultural resources and reduce the agricultural waste pollution,significantly increasing economic,ecological and social benefits.

Dynamics of Communal Land Degradation and Its Implications in the Arid Mountains of Pakistan:A Study of District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkuwa

Similar to other areas of Pakistan, land resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP) is kept under various ownership regimes for socio-economic and ecological benefits. For the last three to four decades, communal lands and resources are subjected to high rate of degradation and deterioration, which is leading to multifarious socio-economical and ecological implications. This paper intends to look into factors that are responsible for the degradation of communal land and the adaptability of the management mechanisms developed by the local inhabitants to conserve these resources. Moreover, this study also explores the sustainability of these adopted strategies in present circumstances. Data regarding socio-economic parameters of the inhabitants and their interactions with communal lands were collected through questionnaire cum interview method. As long-term climatic data for the area do not exist therefore focus group discussions were conducted to document the changing trend in rainfall regimes and temperature variations for the last about four decades. Results indicate that communal lands are highly vulnerable to degradation due to biophysical and anthropogenic factors. Local inhabitants have developed suitable measures to control the situation, however, accelerated socioeconomic transformations in the area have weakened the role of local institutions and that led to further degradation of these resources. Nevertheless, a number of locally formulated rules have been revived and implemented and it is hoped that these threatened resources would be conserved.

Open pit limit optimization considering economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits

Pit limit design has,up to date,focused mainly on maximization of economic profit alone,with environmental and social issues largely ignored.This paper focuses on incorporating both environmental and social issues in the pit limit design process and provides an approach to pit limit optimization that is in compliance with sustainable development.The case study demonstrates that ecological costs have a substantial down-sizing effect and social benefits have a substantial up-sizing effect on the optimal pit limit.When the ecological costs are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 37.5%smaller than the economically optimal pit limit.However,when the social benefits are factored in,the optimal pit limit is 48.3%larger than the economically optimal one.The overall optimal pit limit,with the economic profit,ecological costs and social benefits simultaneously considered,is a result of balancing conflicting goals of maximizing economic profit,minimizing ecological cost,and maximizing social benefit.

Management and Administration of Urban Forest

The thesis is focused on the elements operating in the management and administration of urbanforests, such as the concept of urban forest, the scale, the ecological, economical and social benefits, thelandscape harmonization, the coordinate administration, the investing and financing mechanism, the utilizationof ecosystem function, the prevention of negative effects and so on. Meanwhile, solutions to problems inthese elements are respectively presented.