In many chemical processes, large amounts of wastewater containing butanol and isobutanol are produced.Given that n-butanol-isobutanol-water can form triple azeotrope, high-purity butanol cannot be recovered from the ...In many chemical processes, large amounts of wastewater containing butanol and isobutanol are produced.Given that n-butanol-isobutanol-water can form triple azeotrope, high-purity butanol cannot be recovered from the wastewater by ordinary distillation. To economically and effectively recover butanol from this kind of wastewater, 1,4-butanediol is selected as an extractant to break the formation of the azeotropes, and a doubleeffect extractive distillation process is proposed. The conceptual design of the proposed process is accomplished based on process simulation. With the proposed process, the purity of recovered butanol and water is greater than 99.99 wt%. In comparison with the conventional azeotropic distillation process, economic analysis shows that the operating cost of the proposed process is lower: when the capacity of wastewater treatment is 100 t·h^(-1), the total operating cost decreases by 5.385 ×10~6 USD per year, and the total annual cost of the new process decreases by 5.249 ×10~6 USD per year. In addition, in the extractive distillation system, variable effects on separation purities and cost are more complex than those in the ordinary distillation system. The method and steps to optimize the key variables of the extractive distillation system are also discussed in this paper and can provide reference for similar studies.展开更多
Acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the standard of care and results in decreased infarct size, improving patient survival and prognosis. H...Acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the standard of care and results in decreased infarct size, improving patient survival and prognosis. However, 25% of patients proceed to develop heart failure （HF） after myocardial infarction （MI） and 50% of these will die within five years. Since the size of the infarct is the major predictor of the outcome, including the development of HF, therapies to improve myocardial salvage have great potential. Over the past three decades, a number of stimuli have been discovered that activate endogenous cardioprotective pathways. In ischemic preconditioning （IPC） and ischemic postconditioning, ischemia within the heart initiates the protection. Brief reversible episodes of ischemia in vascular beds remote from the heart can also trigger cardioprotection when applied before, during, or immediately after myocardial ischemia-- known as remote ischemic pre-, per-, and post-conditioning, respectively. Although the mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning （RIPC） has not yet been fully elucidated, many mechanistic components are shared with IPC. The discovery of RIPC led to research into the use of remote non-ischemic stimuli including nerve stimulation （spinal and vagal）, and electroacupuncture （EA）. We discovered and, with others, have elucidated mechanistic aspects of a non- ischemic phenomenon we termed remote preconditioning of trauma （RPCT）. RPCT operates via neural stimulation of skin sensory nerves and has similarities and differences to nerve stimulation and EA conducted at acupoints. We show herein that RPCT can be mimicked using electrical stimulation of the abdominal midline （EA-like treatment） and that this modality of activating cardioprotection is powerful as both a preconditioning and a postconditioning stimulus （when applied at reperfusion）. Investigations of these cardioprotective phenomena have led to a more integrative understanding of mechanisms related to cardioprotection, and in the last five to ten years, it has become clear that the mechanisms are similar, whether induced by ischemic or non-ischemic stimuli. Taking together much of the data in the literature, we propose that all of these cardioprotective ＂conditioning＂ phenomena represent activation from different entry points of a cardiac conditioning network that converges upon specific mediators and effectors of myocardial cell survival, including NF-KB, Stat3/5, protein kinase C, bradykinin, and the mitoKA^P channel. Nervous system pathways may represent a novel mechanism for initiating conditioning of the heart and other organs. IPC and RIPC have proven difficult to translate clinically, as they have associated risks and cannot be used in some patients. Because of this, the use of neural and nociceptive stimuli is emerging as a potential non-ischemic and non-traumatic means to initiate cardiac conditioning. Clinical relevance is underscored by the demonstration of postconditioning with one of these modalities, supporting the conclusion that the development of pharmaceuticals and electroceuticals for this purpose is an area ripe for clinical development.展开更多
Objective: To study cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 expression in gliomas and their correlation with pathological grade and prognosis. Methods: Immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p...Objective: To study cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 expression in gliomas and their correlation with pathological grade and prognosis. Methods: Immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 expression in 48 human brain glioma tissues of different malignant grades, and 12 normal non-neoplastic tissues collected from internal decompression. The data were analyzed quantitatively by the image system and also correlated retrospectively with the patients' clinical characteristics. Results: The immunohistochemical reaction for cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 was confined to the nuclei. The abnormal positive expression rates of both cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 in gliomas were found higher than that in non-neoplastic tissues(P<0.05). The number and staining intensity of cyclinD1/bcl-1 positive nuclei increased with malignant grades (P<0.05). On the contrary, the positive nuclei of p27/kip1 expression decreased in number and staining intensity with malignant grades(P<0.05). Higher expression of cyclinD1/bcl-1 or/and lower expression of p27/kip1 were associated with poor prognosis(P<0.05). Conclusion: The abnormal expression of both cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 might be closely related to the occurrence and development of gliomas and they might have synergistic effect. These data suggest that both cyclinD1/bcl-1 expression and p27/kip1 expression can act as an independent prognostic factor.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Support Program of China(2014BAC10B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21406123)the Key Scientific and Technological Project of Shanxi Province(MH2014-10)
文摘In many chemical processes, large amounts of wastewater containing butanol and isobutanol are produced.Given that n-butanol-isobutanol-water can form triple azeotrope, high-purity butanol cannot be recovered from the wastewater by ordinary distillation. To economically and effectively recover butanol from this kind of wastewater, 1,4-butanediol is selected as an extractant to break the formation of the azeotropes, and a doubleeffect extractive distillation process is proposed. The conceptual design of the proposed process is accomplished based on process simulation. With the proposed process, the purity of recovered butanol and water is greater than 99.99 wt%. In comparison with the conventional azeotropic distillation process, economic analysis shows that the operating cost of the proposed process is lower: when the capacity of wastewater treatment is 100 t·h^(-1), the total operating cost decreases by 5.385 ×10~6 USD per year, and the total annual cost of the new process decreases by 5.249 ×10~6 USD per year. In addition, in the extractive distillation system, variable effects on separation purities and cost are more complex than those in the ordinary distillation system. The method and steps to optimize the key variables of the extractive distillation system are also discussed in this paper and can provide reference for similar studies.
基金supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIHR01 HL091478) for W.Keith Jonesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470425) for Xiaoping Ren
文摘Acute myocardial infarction （AMI） is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the standard of care and results in decreased infarct size, improving patient survival and prognosis. However, 25% of patients proceed to develop heart failure （HF） after myocardial infarction （MI） and 50% of these will die within five years. Since the size of the infarct is the major predictor of the outcome, including the development of HF, therapies to improve myocardial salvage have great potential. Over the past three decades, a number of stimuli have been discovered that activate endogenous cardioprotective pathways. In ischemic preconditioning （IPC） and ischemic postconditioning, ischemia within the heart initiates the protection. Brief reversible episodes of ischemia in vascular beds remote from the heart can also trigger cardioprotection when applied before, during, or immediately after myocardial ischemia-- known as remote ischemic pre-, per-, and post-conditioning, respectively. Although the mechanism of remote ischemic preconditioning （RIPC） has not yet been fully elucidated, many mechanistic components are shared with IPC. The discovery of RIPC led to research into the use of remote non-ischemic stimuli including nerve stimulation （spinal and vagal）, and electroacupuncture （EA）. We discovered and, with others, have elucidated mechanistic aspects of a non- ischemic phenomenon we termed remote preconditioning of trauma （RPCT）. RPCT operates via neural stimulation of skin sensory nerves and has similarities and differences to nerve stimulation and EA conducted at acupoints. We show herein that RPCT can be mimicked using electrical stimulation of the abdominal midline （EA-like treatment） and that this modality of activating cardioprotection is powerful as both a preconditioning and a postconditioning stimulus （when applied at reperfusion）. Investigations of these cardioprotective phenomena have led to a more integrative understanding of mechanisms related to cardioprotection, and in the last five to ten years, it has become clear that the mechanisms are similar, whether induced by ischemic or non-ischemic stimuli. Taking together much of the data in the literature, we propose that all of these cardioprotective ＂conditioning＂ phenomena represent activation from different entry points of a cardiac conditioning network that converges upon specific mediators and effectors of myocardial cell survival, including NF-KB, Stat3/5, protein kinase C, bradykinin, and the mitoKA^P channel. Nervous system pathways may represent a novel mechanism for initiating conditioning of the heart and other organs. IPC and RIPC have proven difficult to translate clinically, as they have associated risks and cannot be used in some patients. Because of this, the use of neural and nociceptive stimuli is emerging as a potential non-ischemic and non-traumatic means to initiate cardiac conditioning. Clinical relevance is underscored by the demonstration of postconditioning with one of these modalities, supporting the conclusion that the development of pharmaceuticals and electroceuticals for this purpose is an area ripe for clinical development.
文摘Objective: To study cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 expression in gliomas and their correlation with pathological grade and prognosis. Methods: Immunohistochemical technique was used to detect the cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 expression in 48 human brain glioma tissues of different malignant grades, and 12 normal non-neoplastic tissues collected from internal decompression. The data were analyzed quantitatively by the image system and also correlated retrospectively with the patients' clinical characteristics. Results: The immunohistochemical reaction for cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 was confined to the nuclei. The abnormal positive expression rates of both cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 in gliomas were found higher than that in non-neoplastic tissues(P<0.05). The number and staining intensity of cyclinD1/bcl-1 positive nuclei increased with malignant grades (P<0.05). On the contrary, the positive nuclei of p27/kip1 expression decreased in number and staining intensity with malignant grades(P<0.05). Higher expression of cyclinD1/bcl-1 or/and lower expression of p27/kip1 were associated with poor prognosis(P<0.05). Conclusion: The abnormal expression of both cyclinD1/bcl-1 and p27/kip1 might be closely related to the occurrence and development of gliomas and they might have synergistic effect. These data suggest that both cyclinD1/bcl-1 expression and p27/kip1 expression can act as an independent prognostic factor.
