Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developin...Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.展开更多
Through his attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author reveals in this thesis that there are two such econom...Through his attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author reveals in this thesis that there are two such economic phases： an economy where the theory of comparative advantage, proposed by David Ricardo, is applicable, and an economy where the theory is not applicable. The author applied his original approach to prove the validity of Ricardo＇s comparative advantage theory, and found that the theory can be justified only when a macro economy is in the thetical economic phase, where a policy of globalization is effective. It is a necessary and sufficient condition for the theory to be valid. In other words, Ricardo＇s theory of comparative advantage is not applicable when a macro economy is in the antithetical economic phase, where a policy of national isolation, instead of that of globalization, is valid. The thetical economic phase and the antithetical economic phase of a macro economy, referred to in this thesis by the author, are a version of an expression quite common in OR （operations research）.展开更多
Under the highly competitive market economy management system, economic management of Chinese enterprises tends to be diversity. With the continuous development of market economy, enterprises need choose the appropria...Under the highly competitive market economy management system, economic management of Chinese enterprises tends to be diversity. With the continuous development of market economy, enterprises need choose the appropriate management methods according to the actual situation, which is to help enterprises to survive in the highly competitive environment. However, due to a variety of external factors, economic management situation is not optimistic. And it increases their sense of crisis. This article will make a systematic analysis of management strategies as the point of the enterprise management mode and innovation strategy under market economy.展开更多
Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game....Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game. Thus, the attitudes of the players can be endowed with rational thinking, which leads to the conclusion that the use of game theory as a tool to understand such behavior is of great importance. Based on the previous studies, this paper presents a study on the cooperative game theory, discussing the Nash equilibrium in pure and mixed strategies, treating solutions using the minimax John Von Neumarm theorem and illustrating a mathematical modeling of a game theory problem. Furthermore, a solution of linear programming using Microsoft Excel is also proposed and presented. The methodology adopted to model the problem may help students to familiarize themselves to game theory.展开更多
Through the attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author revealed in this thesis that there are two such econo...Through the attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author revealed in this thesis that there are two such economic phases： An economy where the theory of comparative advantage, proposed by David Ricardo, is applicable, and an economy where the theory is not applicable. The author applied his original approach to prove the validity of Ricardo＇s comparative advantage theory, and found that the theory can be justified only when a macro economy is in the primal problem phase, where a policy of globalization is effective. It is a necessary and sufficient condition for the theory to be valid. In other words, Ricardo＇s theory of comparative advantage is not applicable when a macro economy is in the dual problem phase, where a policy of national isolation, instead of that of globalization, is valid. The primal problem phase and the dual problem phase of a macro economy, called in this thesis by the author, are a version of an expression quite common in OR （operations research）.展开更多
Mathematical economic modeling is widely used to provide a reference for policy makers and guidance for the specific work of many departments, such as saving expenditures, reducing costs and improving profit. Particul...Mathematical economic modeling is widely used to provide a reference for policy makers and guidance for the specific work of many departments, such as saving expenditures, reducing costs and improving profit. Particularly, it can predict and estimate the future, playing a great role in promoting the rapid development of science and technology as well as the management of market economy. In general, mathematics does not directly deal with the objective conditions on the management of market economy. In order to use mathematics to solve problems in the field of the management of market economic, it is necessary to carry out mathematical economic modeling.展开更多
Desertification caused by land degradation and overexploitation of natural resources is threatening large parts of eastern and southern Mediterranean. The actual state of desertification sensitivity in Lebanon was spa...Desertification caused by land degradation and overexploitation of natural resources is threatening large parts of eastern and southern Mediterranean. The actual state of desertification sensitivity in Lebanon was spatially assessed using site specific environmental bio-physical indicators, demographic pressure and socioeconomic conditions. Bio-physical assessment included the aridity index derived from integrated assessment of the historical data for 48 climatic stations spread throughout the country, the new detailed soil map at 1：50,000 scale, and the updated land cover/use map at 1：20,000 derived from IKONOS 2005. The methodology also included livelihood conditions and poverty at local administrative ＂Caza＂ level. Results showed the integrated impact of local climate, soil and vegetation quality and socioeconomic conditions on sensitivity to desertification. A total of 78% of the territories have low and very low climate quality index preconditioning the sensitivity to desertification. Fourteen Cazas out of 26 in total, representing more than 66% of the country, have low socioeconomic satisfaction index. Furthermore, negative trends are alleviated by good quality relict soils and vegetation cover. The actual extent of desertification covers 40.48% of the national territory, much of which occurs under semi-arid climate, moderate or low soil and vegetation quality and poor living conditions. The outcome of this research adjusted the previous coarse estimates of desertification prone areas at the national level. Results allow for realistic, policy oriented local assessment for responsive land use planning and proactive sustainable, national and local land management in the context of the national action plan to combat desertification.展开更多
Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy condi...Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy conditions of the district. In this paper a maiden adoption of the matter-element is applied to combine with information entropy theory to analyze distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations based on concerned literature and historical data, and a multi-objective decision-making model on analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations is set up based on matter-element and extension model. Based on establishing sutra field and controlled field, we apply relating function of matter- element and extension set to get relating function value of the railway refrigeration container handling stations. Finally a case study is carried out to verify the validity, objectivity and applicability of this model through calculated and compared with traditional analysis methods. Practicality application indicates that this method can avoid subjectivity of weighting, but enhance the extensibility, the model mentioned above has guiding significance and applied value for analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations.展开更多
基金Project supported by the University of Wolverhampton, UK.
文摘Diversity in the biophysical and socio-economic attributes of agricultural systems makes them uniquely niche based. Farmers are expert in local biophysical and socio-economic situations and can contribute in developing pragmatic indicators of agro-environmental development. During evaluation of an agricultural research project in Yunnan, China, local farmers were capable of evaluating the effects of modified technologies on existing cropping systems and discussed their attitudes to the interventions using their own indicators. Farmers＇ response can be grouped into seven major aspects： i） effects on income, ii） effects on production resources, iii） effects on crop management, iv） existing local knowledge about the technology, v） availability of inputs, vi） access to information, and vii） socio-economic conditions of farming households. Farmers concluded that environmental conditions in the experimental catchment in comparison to an adjacent untreated catchment were better in terms of soil and water losses, vegetation cover and natural resources, infrastructures and catchment management, use of environmentally-friendly technologies, and crop productivity. Success in soil and water conservation programmes depends on the efforts of the farmers and other local users and their greater involvement helps to identify more pragmatic indicators. Furthermore, it increases ownership of the programme, enhances interactions with the project scientists, increases farmers＇ awareness of ago-environmental problems and their possible consequences. These development will enable scientists to develop better targeted interventions and increase the likelihood of adoption of tested technologies by local communities. The use of paired adjacent catchments improved evaluation activities and is proposed as good practice for future catchment improvement programmes.
文摘Through his attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author reveals in this thesis that there are two such economic phases： an economy where the theory of comparative advantage, proposed by David Ricardo, is applicable, and an economy where the theory is not applicable. The author applied his original approach to prove the validity of Ricardo＇s comparative advantage theory, and found that the theory can be justified only when a macro economy is in the thetical economic phase, where a policy of globalization is effective. It is a necessary and sufficient condition for the theory to be valid. In other words, Ricardo＇s theory of comparative advantage is not applicable when a macro economy is in the antithetical economic phase, where a policy of national isolation, instead of that of globalization, is valid. The thetical economic phase and the antithetical economic phase of a macro economy, referred to in this thesis by the author, are a version of an expression quite common in OR （operations research）.
文摘Under the highly competitive market economy management system, economic management of Chinese enterprises tends to be diversity. With the continuous development of market economy, enterprises need choose the appropriate management methods according to the actual situation, which is to help enterprises to survive in the highly competitive environment. However, due to a variety of external factors, economic management situation is not optimistic. And it increases their sense of crisis. This article will make a systematic analysis of management strategies as the point of the enterprise management mode and innovation strategy under market economy.
文摘Understanding the behavior of companies in market conditions has been an important topic of studies for the economists and mathematicians. Many companies have treated their relationship of service providers as a game. Thus, the attitudes of the players can be endowed with rational thinking, which leads to the conclusion that the use of game theory as a tool to understand such behavior is of great importance. Based on the previous studies, this paper presents a study on the cooperative game theory, discussing the Nash equilibrium in pure and mixed strategies, treating solutions using the minimax John Von Neumarm theorem and illustrating a mathematical modeling of a game theory problem. Furthermore, a solution of linear programming using Microsoft Excel is also proposed and presented. The methodology adopted to model the problem may help students to familiarize themselves to game theory.
文摘Through the attempt to clarify justifiable economic circumstances where a policy of globalization and/or a policy of national isolation is proven valid, the author revealed in this thesis that there are two such economic phases： An economy where the theory of comparative advantage, proposed by David Ricardo, is applicable, and an economy where the theory is not applicable. The author applied his original approach to prove the validity of Ricardo＇s comparative advantage theory, and found that the theory can be justified only when a macro economy is in the primal problem phase, where a policy of globalization is effective. It is a necessary and sufficient condition for the theory to be valid. In other words, Ricardo＇s theory of comparative advantage is not applicable when a macro economy is in the dual problem phase, where a policy of national isolation, instead of that of globalization, is valid. The primal problem phase and the dual problem phase of a macro economy, called in this thesis by the author, are a version of an expression quite common in OR （operations research）.
文摘Mathematical economic modeling is widely used to provide a reference for policy makers and guidance for the specific work of many departments, such as saving expenditures, reducing costs and improving profit. Particularly, it can predict and estimate the future, playing a great role in promoting the rapid development of science and technology as well as the management of market economy. In general, mathematics does not directly deal with the objective conditions on the management of market economy. In order to use mathematics to solve problems in the field of the management of market economic, it is necessary to carry out mathematical economic modeling.
文摘Desertification caused by land degradation and overexploitation of natural resources is threatening large parts of eastern and southern Mediterranean. The actual state of desertification sensitivity in Lebanon was spatially assessed using site specific environmental bio-physical indicators, demographic pressure and socioeconomic conditions. Bio-physical assessment included the aridity index derived from integrated assessment of the historical data for 48 climatic stations spread throughout the country, the new detailed soil map at 1：50,000 scale, and the updated land cover/use map at 1：20,000 derived from IKONOS 2005. The methodology also included livelihood conditions and poverty at local administrative ＂Caza＂ level. Results showed the integrated impact of local climate, soil and vegetation quality and socioeconomic conditions on sensitivity to desertification. A total of 78% of the territories have low and very low climate quality index preconditioning the sensitivity to desertification. Fourteen Cazas out of 26 in total, representing more than 66% of the country, have low socioeconomic satisfaction index. Furthermore, negative trends are alleviated by good quality relict soils and vegetation cover. The actual extent of desertification covers 40.48% of the national territory, much of which occurs under semi-arid climate, moderate or low soil and vegetation quality and poor living conditions. The outcome of this research adjusted the previous coarse estimates of desertification prone areas at the national level. Results allow for realistic, policy oriented local assessment for responsive land use planning and proactive sustainable, national and local land management in the context of the national action plan to combat desertification.
文摘Distributing of the railway refrigeration container handling stations is influenced by multitudinous factors, such as technique and equipment conditions, intermodal traffic ability, foreground and social economy conditions of the district. In this paper a maiden adoption of the matter-element is applied to combine with information entropy theory to analyze distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations based on concerned literature and historical data, and a multi-objective decision-making model on analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations is set up based on matter-element and extension model. Based on establishing sutra field and controlled field, we apply relating function of matter- element and extension set to get relating function value of the railway refrigeration container handling stations. Finally a case study is carried out to verify the validity, objectivity and applicability of this model through calculated and compared with traditional analysis methods. Practicality application indicates that this method can avoid subjectivity of weighting, but enhance the extensibility, the model mentioned above has guiding significance and applied value for analyzing distributing the railway refrigeration container handling stations.
