明代科举地理现象的再认识——以徽州府科举群体为例

通过对明代乡试录、会试录等科举文献的量化分析,以徽州府为中心,重新探讨该地区科举群体地理分布的历史现象。明代科举制度设计中的地域均衡原则,在府与府之间的录取结果上仍然得到了体现。以学区代替籍贯为基准的统计方法,更有利于观察科举群体地区差异的消长变化。在明代五经分试录取的原则下,地区科举群体分布差异除了经济社会层面上的解释,地区士子的专经化很可能是造成科举群体地理分布差异更深层次的原因。

Springback and tensile strength of 2A97 aluminum alloy during age forming

The analysis of variance(ANOVA), multiple quadratic regression and radial basis function artificial neural network(RBFANN) methods were used to study the springback and tensile strength in age forming of 2A97 aluminum alloy based on orthogonal array. The ANOVA analysis indicates that the springback reaches the minimum value when age forming is performed at 210 °C for 20 h using a single-curvature die with a radius of 400 mm, and the tensile strength reaches the maximum value when age forming is performed at 180 °C for 15 h using a single-curvature die with a radius of 1000 mm. The orders of the importance for the three factors of pre-deformation radius, aging temperature and aging time on the springback and tensile strength were determined. By analyzing the predicted results of the multiple quadratic regression and RBFANN methods, the prediction accuracy of the RBFANN model is higher than that of the regression model.

Effects of “3414” Fertilization Effect Test on the Yield and Economic Benefit of Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] To screen the optimal fertilizer formula, and to lay foundation for the research on special fertilizer for Sagittaria sagittifolia production. [Method] Based on the ＂3414＂ fertilization design, the yield of S. sagittifolia in each treatment was determined, and the effects of N, P and K treatments on the yield and eco- nomic benefit of S. sagittifolia were investigated, obtaining the optimal fertilizer appli- cation ratio. [Result] N, P and K had relatively good effects on the yield of S. sagittifolia. Treatment of N2P2K3 showed the optimal fertilizer application ratio, with the yield of 18 397.80 kg/hm2, yield increasing rate of 104.77%, and net income in- crease of 80 317.35 Yuan/hm2. N fertilizer had the greatest impacts on the yield of S. sagittifolia, followed with K fertilizer; while P fertilizer showed the poorest impacts. [Conclusion] To achieve the highest yield of S. sagittifolia, the fertilizer application was as follows： N of 446.70 kg/hm2, P20 of 568.10 kg/hm2, K2O of 534.90 kg/hm2, when the highest yield was 18 612.75 kg/hm2. Fertilizer application for the optimal economic benefit was N of 420.60 kg/hm2, P2O5 of 70.50 kg/hm2, K2O of 492.15 kg/hm2, when the optimal yield was 18 579.00 kg/hm2.

MODEL REFERENCE ADAPTIVE CONTROL BASED ON NONLINEAR COMPENSATION FOR TURBOFAN ENGINE

The design of a turbofan rotor speed control system, using model reference adaptive control（MRAC） method with input and output measurements, is discussed for the purpose of practical application. The nonlinear compensator based on functional link neural network is used to deal with the engine nonlinearity and the hardware-in-loop simulation is also developed. The results show that the nonlinear MRAC controller has the adequate performance of compensating and adapting nonlinearity arising from the change of engine state or working environment. Such feature demonstrates potential practical applications of MRAC for aeroengine control system.

Experience and Methods for Maize Regional Experiment in Guizhou Mountainous Areas

Maize regional experiment is a an intermediate link for overall assessment and comprehensive evaluation on yielding ability, stable yield, stress, adaptability, and quality traits of new maize varieties in different ecological conditions. It is an essential process for determining whether the new maize varieties can pass the ex- amination and approval for extension. Besides, regional experiment is an important link connecting agricultural scientific researches and agricultural production. In addi- tion, it is a scientific basis for extension and application of new maize varieties in a region. Therefore, the maize regional experiment is of the utmost importance.

In-Tunnel Blast Pressure Empirical Formulas for Detonations External, Internal and at the Tunnel Entrance

In order to define the loading on protective doors of an underground tunnel, the exact knowledge of the blast propagation through tunnels is needed. Thirty-three scale high-explosive tests are conducted to obtain in-tunnel blast pressure for detonations external, internal and at the tunnel entrance. The cross section of the concrete model tunnel is 0.67 m2. Explosive charges of TNT, ranging in mass from 400 g to 4 600 g, are detonated at various positions along the central axis of the model tunnel. Blast gages are flush-installed in the interior surface of the tunnel to record side-on blast pressure as it propagates down the tunnel. The engineering empirical formulas for predicting blast peak pressure are evaluated, and are found to be reasonably accurate for in-tunnel pressure prediction.

Equation of Motion of a Mass Point in Gravitational Field and Classical Tests of Gauge Theory of Gravity

A systematic method is developed to studY the classical motion of a mass point in gravitational gauge field. First, by using Mathematica, a spherical symmetric solution of the field equation of gravitational gauge field is obtained, which is just the traditional Schwarzschild solution. Combining the principle of gauge covariance and Newton＇s second law of motion, the equation of motion of a mass point in gravitational field is deduced. Based on the spherical symmetric solution of the field equation and the equation of motion of a mass point in gravitational field, we can discuss classical tests of gauge theory of gravity, including the deflection of light by the sun, the precession of the perihelia of the orbits of the inner planets and the time delay of radar echoes passing the sun. It is found that the theoretical predictions of these classical tests given by gauge theory of gravity are completely the same as those given by general relativity.

Urban China in Transformation:Hybrid Economy,Juxtaposed Space,and New Testing Ground for Geographical Enquiries

History has brought us into a significant moment when the majority of the human kind has taken up resi-dence in urban settlements. The focus of global urbanization has shifted to the developing world and the center of manufacturing is no longer confined to the Global North. This paper provides a periodical assessment of the current status of China's urban transformation in the global context of a shifting emphasis of industrialization and urbaniza-tion. China's phenomenal urban transformation deserves a special attention not only because of its unparalleled scale and speed but also because of its distinct trajectory of growth that does not conform to normal theoretical ex-pectations. The results of assessment revealed an urban economy with remarkable hybridity, a society that is in-creasingly stratified, polarized, and segregated, and a juxtaposed urban space undergoing restless and pervasive transformation. A decentering world should entail a decentering knowledge production. A critical reflection upon the Chinese patterns and processes of urban transformation has identified 4 main issues with great potentials for inno-vative knowledge production, namely: 1) privatization and economic development; 2) state, society, and space; 3) urbanization of capital, labor, and land; and 4) the environment and Chinese political ecology. The paper closes with the remark that a rapidly transforming urban China has presented itself as a fertile and resourceful testing ground for critical and innovative geographic enquiries.

Measuring Real Capital Adequacy in Extreme Economic Conditions： An Examination of the Swiss Banking Sector

The global financial crisis （GFC） has placed the creditworthiness of banks under intense scrutiny. In particular, capital adequacy has been called into question. Current capital requirements make no allowance for capital erosion caused by movements in the market value of assets. This paper examines default probabilities of Swiss banks under extreme conditions using structural modeling techniques. Conditional Value at Risk （CVaR） and Conditional Probability of Default （CPD） techniques are used to measure capital erosion. Significant increase in Probability of Default （PD） is found during the GFC period. The market asset value based approach indicates a much higher PD than external ratings indicate. Capital adequacy recommendations are formulated which distinguish between real and nominal capital based on asset fluctuations.

Acute exercise is associated with specific executive functions in college students with ADHD:A preliminary study

Purpose： The relationship between acute exercise and executive functions in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） has not been clearly established. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the difference in cognitive performance between college students with and without ADHD and to explore the effects of acute exercise on multiple aspects of executive functions and on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF）. Methods： College students （normal： n = 10; ADHD： n = 10） performed the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Span Test prior to and after an acute exercise intervention. Blood samples were obtained prior to the pre-test cognitive test performance and then again after exercise and prior to the post-test cognitive test performance. Results： Students with ADHD exhibited impaired executive functions, particularly on inhibition. Additionally, while acute exercise improved all aspects of executive functions in those without ADHD, acute exercise only improved inhibitory performance for those with ADHD. Further, BDNF was not influenced by acute exercise regardless of the subjects＇ ADHD status. Conclusion： These results provide preliminary evidence for exercise as a potential adjunct treatment for benefitting inhibition in college students with ADHD.

Constraints on Camel Meat and Milk Marketing and Strategies for Its Improvement in Northern Kenya

A survey to identify constraints and design strategies to improve the camel milk and meat value chains was conducted in northern Kenya using Participatory Integrated Community Development （PICD）, Focus Group Discussions （FGD）, among other methods. In a second step, field testing of an intervention on milk and meat hygiene was carried out at household level. Survey results indicated that about 50% of marketable camel milk was not sold, 30% of marketed camel milk per annum was sold in sour state at US$ 0.13 lower that the price of a litre of fresh milk while processed meat got spoiled along the chain. Annual economic losses associated with milk spoilage were estimated at US$ 961,538.5. Preliminary findings of the field testing indicated that an additional 3 million litres of camel milk was sold in fresh state, giving an annual saving of US$ 384,615.4. Increased profitability of up to 60% compared to 30% before the intervention was reported among nyirinyiri processors. In conclusion, economic potential of the camel could be fully exploited by facilitating adoption of interventions such as hygiene, among others at all levels of the camel milk and meat value chains.

Effect of Inhalation of Essential Oil of Rosa Demascena Mill. on Psychomotor Functions in Human

Some studies document that odorants influence in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and neurophysiological brain activity. Odors compounds can act on the neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, influencing psychological behavior as well as body function. The study was conducted in 20 individuals in each test to analyze the effects of essential oil inhalation on psychomotor performance in the healthy volunteers. Two tests were performed in the present study （1） SLCT （six letter cancellation test） and （2） DLST （digit letter substitution test）. These tests were carded out for the assessment of psychopharmacological activity of essential oil of Rosa damascena Mill., in healthy young human individuals belonging to the age group 18 to 22 years. The results of the psychomotor performance test in healthy human individuals revealed that there was improvement in psychomotor functions.

A Refined Formula for the Allowable Soil Pressure Using Shear Wave Velocities

Based on a variety of case histories of site investigations, including extensive bore hole data, laboratory testing and geophysical prospecting at more than 550 construction sites, an empirical formulation is proposed for the rapid determination of allowable bearing pressure of shallow foundations in soils and rocks. The proposed expression corroborates consistently with the results of the classical theory and is proven to be rapid, and reliable. Plate load tests have been also carried out at three different sites, in order to further confirm the validity of the proposed method. It consists of only two soil parameters, namely, the in situ measured shear wave velocity and the unit weight. The unit weight may be also determined with sufficient accuracy, by means of other empirical expressions proposed, using P or S -- wave velocities. It is indicated that once the shear and P-wave velocities are measured in situ by an appropriate geophysical survey, the allowable bearing pressure as well as the coefficient of subgrade reaction and many other elasticity parameters may be determined rapidly and reliably.

Brownian Motion of a Test Particle with a Normal Classical Velocity in Spacetime with a Plane Boundary

We study the random motion of a charged test particle with a normal classical constant velocity in a spacetime with a perfectly reflecting plane boundary and calculate both the velocity and position dispersions of the test particle. Our results show that the dispersions in the normal direction are weakened while those in the parallel directions are strengthened as compared to the classical static case when the test particle classically moves away from the boundary. However, if the classical motion reverses its direction, then the dispersions in the normal direction are reinforced while those in the parallel directions get weakened.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF LARGE AMPLITUDE ACTION POTENTIAL OF THE SUFFERED FACIAL MUSCLES IN INTRATEMPORAL FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS

Objective. To testify the phenomenon that large amplitude action potential appears at the early stage of facial paralysis, and to search for the mechanism through clinical and experimental studies. Patients(animals) and methods. The action potentials of the orbicular ocular and oral muscles were recorded in 34 normal persons by electromyogram instruments. The normal range of amplitude percentage was found out according to the normal distribution. One hundred patients with facial paralysis were also studied. The action potentials of facial muscles were recorded in 17 guinea pigs before and after the facial nerve was compressed and the facial nerve was examined under electromicroscope before and after the compression. Results. The amplitude percentage of the suffered side to the healthy side was more than 153 percent in 6 of the 100 patients. Large amplitude action potential occured in 35 per cent guinea pigs which were performed the experiment of facial nerve compression. Electromicroscopic examination revealed separation of the lammae of the facial nerve’s myelin sheath in the guinea pigs which exhibited large amplitude action potential. Conclusion. The facial nerve exhibited a temporary over excitability at the early stage of facial nerve injury in some patients and guinea pigs. If the injury was limited in the myelin sheath, the prognosis was relatively good.

Updating empirical results of wind loads on cooling towers for turbulence intensity effects

Variations of wind effects on large cooling towers observed at different turbulence intensities for our previous full-scale measurements might be caused by the inherent uncertainties in our physical experiments.Accordingly,the one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)technique is employed for analyzing the data measured on the prototype Pengcheng cooling tower.Because ANOVA indicates that the variations of full-scale wind effects are basically the effects of turbulence intensity,the empirical results of wind loads on cooling towers obtained by generalizing physical experimental data without considering the turbulence intensity effects are updated using model test results obtained in multiple flow fields.The empirical fluctuating wind pressure distribution is updated based on the fact that the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient linearly increases with the increase in the turbulence intensity,and the empirical formulae of the spectra and the coherences is updated based on conservative assumptions.Comparisons of the empirical results and full-scale measurement data suggest that the original empirical results are either too conservative or unsafe for use.However,economic efficiency and conservativeness will be balanced if the updated empirical results are employed for the wind engineering design.

Series.the university English four, six level of test examination management in institutions of higher education

college English test band 4 and band 6 is a national examination, the examination organization work is particularly important in this article, through combing the examination link, and takes the examination of the foreign affairs college as an example summarizes work experience, and examination work for the future optimization put forward opinions and Suggestions, in order to achieve the purpose of better service for the teaching service for students.

Modeling approaches to pressure balance dynamic system in shield tunneling

In order to deal with modeling problem of a pressure balance system with time-delay, nonlinear, time-varying and uncertain characteristics, an intelligent modeling procedure is proposed, which is based on artificial neural network(ANN) and input-output data of the system during shield tunneling and can overcome the precision problem in mechanistic modeling(MM) approach. The computational results show that the training algorithm with Gauss-Newton optimization has fast convergent speed. The experimental investigation indicates that, compared with mechanistic modeling approach, intelligent modeling procedure can obviously increase the precision in both soil pressure fitting and forecasting period. The effectiveness and accuracy of proposed intelligent modeling procedure are verified in laboratory tests.

The Feasibility and Economic Potential of Geoduck Aquaculture in Neah Bay, Washington

The geoduck clam, Panopea abrupta, is an economically important species and mainly cultured in the Southern Puget Sound of Washington State. There are no examples of intertidal geoduck aquaculture in Neah Bay. Since 2011, the Makah Fisheries Management （MFM） has started a pilot project supported by the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Business Enterprise Grant （USDA-RBEG）. The MFM aquaculture practice and results showed that the Neah Bay beaches are feasible for intertidal geoduck aquaculture, and have the proper conditions to produce high quality geoduck clams. As compared to finfish culture, there is little environmental concern for geoduck aquaculture due to the natural seawater fluctuation （no artificial feeding） and the intertidal nature （no genetic mixing）. This advantage provides the opportunity for community members of all backgrounds to partake in the aquaculture process, with low investment costs for establishing a family-based geoduck farming business. Overall, the high market value and the economic potential make geoduck aquaculture an ideal candidate in development of remote and rural areas along the Washington coast.