生长素NAA对红萍结孢的影响

采用不同浓度的生长素NAA对生长期的细绿萍1001、卡州萍3001和小叶萍4018进行处理,探索生长素NAA对红萍结孢的影响。结果表明,NAA浓度为1、5、10、15和20μg·mL^(-1)均能诱导细绿萍1001结孢,NAA浓度为15μg·mL^(-1)时的结孢率为34.7%,浓度为10μg·mL^(-1)时结孢率为15.0%,浓度为20μg·mL^(-1)时结孢率为12.3%,浓度为5μg·mL^(-1)时结孢率为9.3%,浓度为1μg·mL^(-1)时结孢率为5.0%,对照的结孢率为0%。NAA浓度为15μg·mL^(-1)的结孢率最高,与其他处理及对照均有显著差异;NAA浓度为15μg·mL^(-1)的结孢数量为6.56,NAA浓度为10μg·mL^(-1)的结孢数量为4.52,NAA浓度为20μg·mL^(-1)的结孢数量为4.35,NAA浓度为5μg·mL^(-1)的结孢数量为4.31,NAA浓度为1μg·mL^(-1)的结孢数量为3.83,对照的结孢数量为0;NAA浓度为15μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比为0.65∶1,NAA浓度为10μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比为0.56∶1,NAA浓度为20μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比为0.55∶1,NAA浓度为5μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比为0.52∶1,NAA浓度为1μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比为0.51∶1,NAA浓度为15μg·mL^(-1)的孢子果雌雄比例最高,与其他处理及对照都有显著差异;其他品种、处理都未能诱导出孢子果。1、5、10、15和20μg·mL^(-1)的NAA浓度处理后细绿萍1001的萍体大小和碳氮比(C/N)有明显提高,其余处理和对照无显著提高;卡州萍3001和小叶萍4018经处理后萍体大小和C/N比都无显著提高。

生长素IAA诱导红萍结孢的研究

【目的】探索生长素IAA诱导红萍结孢的可行性。【方法】在网室自然条件下进行,采用质量浓度为0(对照)、1、5、10、15、20μg·mL^(-1)的生长素(IAA)对生长期的红萍1001、3001和4018进行不同浓度喷施处理,每周喷施一次,至结孢出现停止喷施。止喷施。【结果】IAA处理5个月后,1、5和10μg·mL^(-1)的细绿萍1001开始结孢,质量浓度为5μg·mL^(-1)时,结孢率、孢子果数量、孢子果䧳雄比均优于其他处理及对照。在5μg·mL^(-1)时,结孢率为15.0%、孢子果数量为6.31个、孢子果䧳雄比为0.62∶1;在10μg·mL^(-1)时,结孢率为6.3%、孢子果数量为4.12个、孢子果䧳雄比为0.53∶1;在1μg·mL^(-1)时,结孢率为4.7%、孢子果数量为3.90个、孢子果䧳雄比为0.51∶1。其他品种、处理都未能诱导出孢子果。细绿萍1001经IAA处理后,在1、5和10μg·mL^(-1)时萍体的大小和C/N比有明显提高,其余处理和对照无显著差异;卡州萍3001和小叶萍4018处理萍体大小和C/N比均无显著差异。【结论】生长素IAA能够诱导细绿萍1001结孢,其中IAA质量浓度为5μg·mL^(-1)时诱导效果最佳,可在生产上进行应用。

IBA对红萍结孢的影响

在网室条件下,采用不同浓度的IBA对生长期细绿萍1001、小叶萍4018和卡州萍3001进行喷施处理。结果表明:细绿萍1001采用IBA 10和15μg/mL处理能够结孢,其他处理都未诱导出孢子果,而卡州萍3001和小叶萍4018各个处理都未见结孢;细绿萍1001经15和10μg/mL IBA处理后,结孢率分别为8.0%和5.0%,孢子果数量分别为4.21和2.96个,孢子果雌雄比分别为0.55和0.43,结孢率、结孢数量和孢子果雌雄比都是15μg/mL处理显著高于10μg/mL处理;细绿萍1001经IBA 10和15μg/mL处理后的萍体大小和C/N比显著增加,但卡州萍3001和小叶萍4018各处理的萍体大小和C/N比都无显著差异。

中国尾孢菌属及其近似属的研究XIII.(英文)

六种尾孢菌被报道,其中有2个新种:寄生在结香Edgeworthiapapyrifera上的结香生尾孢Cercosporaedgeworthiicola和寄生在印度枣Ziziphusincurva上的枣生尾孢C.ziziphigena。4个为新记录种:昂天莲尾孢Cercosporaabromae,滇芎尾孢C.arracacina,玄参尾孢C.scrophulariae和毛蕊花生尾孢C.verbascicola。文中为新种提供了拉丁文简介、英文描述并附图。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本馆(HMAS)。

结香褐斑病的初步研究

结香(Edgeworthia chrysantha Li-ndl。)亦名三丫,是我国重要的经济树种之一,在浙江、安徽、湖北、四川、江西、云南等省均有栽培。近年来,笔者在安徽省部分地区陆续发现结香褐斑病(Cercosporaedgeworthiae Hori)。此病在日本曾有过报道,在我国系首次记录。

Growth and Development of Staminate Inflorescence and Anatomic Observation of Male Chestnut Flower

The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.

Analysis on Bacterial Community Structure in Mushroom(Agaricus bisporus) Compost Using PCR-DGGE

This study aimed to investigate the bacterial communities in mushroom compost piles composed of rice straw, corn stover, and cow dung. Bacterial com- munities of samples at the beginning of composting, at the end of fermentation phase I and II were collected and analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-De- naturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） based on 16S rDNA universal primers from Escherichia coli. A total of 56 different clone sequences were obtained （GenBank accession number： KF630598-KF630653）. They were classified into seven phyla and 42 genera. Dominant microflora during composting belonged to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the dominant genera of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Thermomonospora, Thermasporomyces, Pseudomonas, and Cellvibrio. Bacterial diversity （Shannon index） analysis showed that bacterial species in com- post pile composed mainly of rice straw continuously increased during composting, while those in compost pile composed mainly of corn stover firstly increased and then reduced. Principal component analysis showed that corn stover compost sam- ples at the end of fermentation phase I and phase II were clustered into one group, suggesting that corn stover composted faster than anticipated. In general, rice straw compost has higher bacterial diversity but longer composting time period, while corn stover compost has lower bacterial diversity but shorter composting time period.

Assessment of the Stability of Cefazolin Sodium in Solids by TGA Decomposition Kinetics

\ According to the analysis of the residual products by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the thermal decomposition process of cefazolin sodium (CEZ·Na) was thought to be similar to the degradation in solid state in its storage time. This laid a foundation for estimating the relative chemical stability of the drug by determination of its decomposition kinetics using TGA. Although the observed thermal decomposition kinetics of CEZ·Na was complex, a conversion level of 1% was chosen for evaluation of the stability of CEZ·Na crystalline since the mechanism here was more likely to be that of the actual product failure. The evaluation results suggested that the α form of CEZ·Na had the best stability and the amorphous one was the least stable one among α form, dehydrated α form and amorphous form.

Probiotic metabolites from Bacillus coagulans GanedenBC30^(TM) support maturation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro

AIM:To study the effects of probiotic metabolites on maturation stage of antigen-presenting immune cells.METHODS:Ganeden Bacillus coagulans 30(GBC30) bacterial cultures in log phase were used to isolate the secreted metabolite(MET) fraction.A second fraction was made to generate a crude cell-wall-enriched fraction,by centrifugation and lysis,followed by washing.A preparation of MET was subjected to size exclusion centrifugation,generating three fractions:< 3 kDa,3-30 kDa,and 30-200 kDa and activities were tested in comparison to crude MET and cell wall in primary cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC) as a source of antigen-presenting mononuclear phagocytes.The maturation status of mononuclear phagocytes was evaluated by staining with monoclonal antibodies towards CD14,CD16,CD80 and CD86 and analyzed by flow cytometry.RESULTS:Treatment of PBMC with MET supported maturation of mononuclear phagocytes toward both macrophage and dendritic cell phenotypes.The biological activity unique to the metabolites included a reduction of CD14+ CD16+ pro-inflammatory cells,and this property was associated with the high molecular weight metabolite fraction.Changes were also seen for the dendritic cell maturation markers CD80 and CD86.On CD14dim cells,an increase in both CD80 and CD86 expression was seen,in contrast to a selective increase in CD86 expression on CD14bright cells.The co-expression of CD80 and CD86 indicates effective antigen presentation to T cells and support of T helper cell differentiation.The selective expression of CD86 in the absence of CD80 points to a role in generating T regulatory cells.CONCLUSION:The data show that a primary mechanism of action of GBC30 metabolites involves support of more mature phenotypes of antigen-presenting cells,important for immunological decision-making.

Ultrastructure of Single Cells, Callus-like and Monospore-like Cells in Porphyra yezoensis Ueda on Semi-solid Culture Medium

It had been demonstrated that individual cells or protoplasts isolated fromPorphyrathallus by enzyme could develop into normal leafy thalli in the same way as monospores, and that isolated cells develop in different way in liquid and on semi-solid media. The authors observed the ultrastructure of isolated vegetative cells cultured on semi-solid media and compared them with those of monospores and isolated cells cultured in liquid media. The results showed that subcellular structures were quite different among cells in different conditions. In their development, isolated cells on semi-solid media did not show the characteristic subcellular feature of monospore formation, such as production of fibrous vesicles. Callus-like cells formed on semi-solid media underwent a distinctive modification in cellular organization. They developed characteristic cell inclusions and a special 2-layer cell covering. Golgi bodies, ER, starch grains, mitochondria. Vacuoles were not commonly found in them.

Microbial Community Structure of Casing Soil During Mushroom Growth

The culturable bacterial population and phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile of casing soil were investigated at different mushroom （Agaricus bisporus） cropping stages. The change in soil bacterial PLFAs was always accompanied by a change in the soil eulturable bacterial population in the first flush. Comparatively higher culturable bacterial population and bacterial PLFAs were found in the casing soil at the primordia formation stage of the first flush. There was a significant increase in the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs during mushroom growth. Multivariate analysis of PLFA data demonstrated that the mushroom cropping stage could considerably affect the microbial community structure of the casing soil. The bacterial population increased significantly from casing soil application to the primordia formation stage of the first flush. Casing soil application resulted in an increase in the ratio of gram-negative bacterial PLFAs to gram-positive bacterial PLFAs, suggesting that some gram-negative bacteria might play an important role in mushroom sporophore initiation.

Sex-dimorphic adverse drug reactions to immune suppressive agents in inflammatory bowel disease

AIM:To analyze sex differences in adverse drug reactions(ADR) to the immune suppressive medication in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) patients.METHODS:All IBD patients attending the IBD outpatient clinic of a referral hospital were identified through the electronic diagnosis registration system.The electronic medical records of IBD patients were reviewed and the files of those patients who have used immune suppressive therapy for IBD,i.e.,thiopurines,methotrexate,cyclosporine,tacrolimus and anti-tumor necrosis factor agents(anti-TNF);infliximab(IFX),adalimumab(ADA) and/or certolizumab,were further analyzed.The reported ADR to immune suppressive drugs were noted.The general definition of ADR used in clinical practice comprised the occurrence of the ADR in the temporal relationship with its disappearance upon discontinuation of the medication.Patients for whom the required information on drug use and ADR was not available in the electronic medical record and patients with only one registered contact and no further followup at the outpatient clinic were excluded.The difference in the incidence and type of ADR between male and female IBD patients were analyzed statistically by χ 2 test.RESULTS:In total,1009 IBD patients were identified in the electronic diagnosis registration system.Out of these 1009 patients,843 patients were eligible for further analysis.There were 386 males(46%),mean age 42 years(range:16-87 years) with a mean duration of the disease of 14 years(range:0-54 years);578 patients with Crohn's disease,244 with ulcerative colitis and 21 with unclassified colitis.Seventy percent(586 pts) of patients used any kind of immune suppressive agents at a certain point of the disease course,the majority of the patients(546 pts,65%) used thiopurines,176 pts(21%) methotrexate,46 pts(5%) cyclosporine and one patient tacrolimus.One third(240 pts,28%) of patients were treated with anti-TNF,the majority of patients(227 pts,27%) used IFX,99(12%) used ADA and five patients certolizumab.There were no differences between male and female patients in the use of immune suppressive agents.With regards to ADR,no differences between males and females were observed in the incidence of ADR to thiopurines,methotrexate and cyclosporine.Among 77 pts who developed ADR to one or more anti-TNF agents,significantly more females(54 pts,39% of all anti-TNF treated women) than males(23 pts,23% of all antiTNF treated men) experienced ADR to an anti-TNF agent [P = 0.011;odds ratio(OR) 2.2,95%CI 1.2-3.8].The most frequent ADR to both anti-TNF agents,IFX and ADA,were allergic reactions(15% of all IFX users and 7% of all patients treated with ADA) and for both agents a significantly higher rate of allergic reactions in females compared with males was observed.As a result of ADR,36 patients(15% of all patients using anti-TNF) stopped the treatment,with significantly higher stopping rate among females(27 females,19% vs 9 males,9%,P = 0.024).CONCLUSION:Treatment with anti-TNF antibodies is accompanied by sexual dimorphic profile of ADR with female patients being more at risk for allergic reactions and subsequent discontinuation of the treatment.

In vivo detection of mucosal healing-involved histiocytes by confocal laser endomicroscopy

Histiocytes have a pivotal role in wound repair and intestinal epithelial recovery-the most important goal to sustain gut functionality.Yet,an in vivo description of colonic histiocytes by confocal laser endomicroscopy(CLE) is missing.Here,we report the case of a 45-yearsold male patient who was referred to our clinic with weight loss and a history of two consecutive Clostridium difficile colitis episodes,the latter cured 3 wk before present admission.Stool microbiology was negative.Conventional colonoscopy showed atrophy and a light mucosal oedema in the distal colon.During on-going endoscopy,we performed a fluorescein-aided CLE which revealed large polygonal(histiocytes-like) cells with copious cytoplasm and large nuclei in the lamina propria of the sigmoid colon as well as regenerative epithelial changes.Histopathological assessment of biopsies from the same areas confirmed the endomicroscopical findings:Periodic acid-Schiff-and CD68-positive foamy histiocytes in the colonic lamina propria and an advanced epithelial recovery.Since stool microbiology was repeatedly negative and polymerase chain reaction-analysis from colonic biopsies could not detect any mRNA for Thropheryma whippleii and common pathogens,we interpreted this particular setting as a mucosal healing process after consecutive Clostridium difficile infections.In conclusion,by describing these colonic histiocytes,we highlight the clinical usefulness of CLE in describing the entity of histiocytes in vivo and in real-time during the process of post-infectious mucosal healing in the colon.

A Simple Structure Model for Enzyme Production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

In order to understand the behavior of ligninolytic enzyme production by white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium, study on time courses and a mathematical model for the production of lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) of the fungi was undertaken. Based on the Monod-Jacob operon model, the ligninolytic enzyme would be synthesized in the absence of a related repressor. The repressor is assumed to be active in the presence of ammonia nitrogen, and as combined as co-repressor, it causes the inhibition of enzyme synthesis. The model can explain the mechanism of extracellular ligninolytic enzyme production by white rot fungi. The results,as predicted by the model, correspond closely to those observed in experimental studies. In addition, some light is also shed on unmeasured variables, such as the concentrations of repressor and mRNA that are related to the enzyme synthesis.

About A New Complex Method of Climates Reconstruction and Forecasting of Climate Changes in the Future

This paper deals with a new integrated method of reconstruction and forecasting of climatic changes in future. The method is based on proxy data pollen-spore analysis method, 14C analysis method, nowadays meteorological data, and data about of solar activity expressed in numbers of W （Wolf）. Here we present the results of investigation of sediments of the 2nd Fomich River terrace, Taymyr Peninsula, Russia. The formation of the peat bog started 10500 ± 140 years BP and continued during the entire Holocene. The pollen analysis of the sediment samples of the 2nd Fomich River terrace and the analysis of surface samples from a larch forest, typical of this region, reveals two phytochrones： both climatically preconditioned--tundra phytochrone （I1-4） and forest phytochrone （Ⅱ1-4）. The techniques of reconstruction and forecasting of basic elements of climate are presented and discussed in details.

Semi-batch Crystallization of 7-Amino-Desacetoxycephalos- poranic Acid

Semi-batch crystallization of 7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) is a complicated process, in which agglomeration occurs together with nucleation and crystal growth. To systematically study such a process, experiments were conducted to estimate the crystallization thermodynamics and kinetics, and then the process was simulated by a numerical method. The application of Monte Carlo concept in the algorithm to describe agglomeration event offers an alternative approach of solving the population balance, the intrinsic simplicity of which allows us to investigate several mechanisms and include several internal coordinates in the analysis. Furthermore, present study may be a valuable paradigm for other semi-batch crystallization processes.

Verticillin A inhibits colon cancer cell migration and invasion by targeting c-Met

Verticillin A is a diketopiperazine compound which was previously isolated from Amanita flavorubescens Aik(containing parasitic fungi Hypomyces hyalines(Schw.)Tul.).Here,we initially found,by wound healing assay and Tran swell assay in vitro,that verticilli n A possesses an inhibitory effect agai nst the migrati on and in vasion of the human colon cancer cell.Subsequently,c-mesenchymal,epithelial transition factor(c-Met)was identified as a molecular target of verticillin A by screening key genes related to cell migration.Verticillin A-mediated c-Met suppress!on is at the transcriptio nal level.Further study dem on strated that verticilli n A suppressed c-MET phosphorylation and decreased c-MET protein level.In addition,verticillin A inhibited the phosphorylation of c-MET downstream molecules including rat sarcoma(Ras)-associated factor(Raf),extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK),and protein kinase B(AKT).Overexpression of Erk partially reversed the verticillin A-mediated anti-metastasis action in the human colon cancer cell.More importantly,verticillin A also inhibited cancer cell metastasis in vivo.Thus,verticillin A can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells by targeting c-Met and inhibiting Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MEK)/ERK signaling pathways.Therefore,we determined that verticillin A is a natural compound that can be further developed as an anti-metastatic drug in human cancers.

Ultrastructure analysis reveals sporopollenin deposition and nexine formation at early stage of pollen wall development in Arabidopsis

In angiosperm, pollen wall formation is a critical step for male gametophyte development. Pollen wall constitutes of the outer layer exine and the inner layer intine. Exine is further divided into sexine and nexine. In Arabidopsis, the general process of pollen wall formation has been reported. However, the nexine formation has not been revealed. Here, we observed the process of pollen wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana using transmission electron microscope. After callose wall is formed, the primexine is present between plasma membrane and the callose layer in the tetrad. With plasma membrane undulation, sporopollenin precursors accumulated on the peak of undulated membrane which is further developed into probacula. The primexine determines plasma membrane undulation and sporopollenin accumulation based on previous analysis of an undulation-deficient mutant. Some materials obviously different from sporopollenin are filled between the primexine and plasma membrane. These materials cover all the surface of plasma membrane and gradually develop into nexine. After microspore is released from tetrad, the nexine layer is formed and the probacula is further developed into sexine with continued accumulation of sporopollenin. Based on these observations, we proposed a developmental model of early pollen wall formation.

White light emission in Pr^(3+),Tb^(3+):CaYAlO_4 phosphor

In this work, the synthesis and photoluminescence characteristics of two new phosphors Pr3+: CaYAlO4(CYA) and Pr3+/Tb3+: CYA for light emitting diodes(LEDs) are investigated. 0.5%(atom percentage) Pr3+: CYA exhibits the largest bright yellow emission by varying the Pr3+ concentration, owing to the cross-relaxation process of 3P0 +3H4→ 1G4+1G4. The energy level diagram in Pr3+: CYA, especially the positions of 4f5 d level and 1S0 level, is discussed. By co-doping Tb3+ ions, the color coordinates of Pr3+/Tb3+: CYA phosphor can be tuned from yellow to white region. Finally, the strongest luminescence emission with color coordinates of(0.339, 0.364) located in the white region can be obtained in 0.3%Tb3+/0.5%Pr3+: CYA phosphor.