俄罗斯联邦行政区划改革:问题与前景

目前的俄罗斯联邦行政区划单位数量多,存在的问题更多,联邦主体合并势在必行。但各地居民对这项改革的态度截然不同。

引黄灌区秋浇模式的多目标优化与时空特征评价

基于多目标在区域尺度实现河套灌区秋浇模式的优化对保证灌区粮食安全、用水安全和生态安全具有重要意义。基于率定验证后的分布式SWAP-WOFOST模型对2000-2017年河套灌区不同秋浇模式和种植条件下的模拟结果,以作物产量、水分生产力(Water Productivity,WP)、地下水埋深(Groundwater Depth,GWD)、土壤含水量(Soil Water Content,SWC)和土壤含盐量(Soil Salt Content,SSC)为评价指标,通过AHP-CRITIC-熵值法-TOPSIS综合评价法,分别对河套灌区3种主要作物(春小麦、春玉米和向日葵)种植条件下适宜的秋浇模式进行优选和评价,并对3种主要作物在推荐秋浇模式下的种植结构进行初步区划。结果显示:在推荐的秋浇模式下河套灌区3种作物的多年平均产量分别为4945、8332和3496 kg/hm^(2),多年平均WP分别为1.15、1.82和1.04 kg/m^(3),节省秋浇引黄灌溉水量约14.8%~30.7%。基于推荐的秋浇模式区划后春小麦、春玉米和向日葵的种植面积分别占灌区总面积的21.1%、37.8%和41.1%,在此种植结构下可节省约3.04亿m^(3)的秋浇引黄灌溉水量。

晋陕蒙汉族民歌核心区析论

在晋陕蒙汉族民歌类型区划、结构区划的基础上,聚焦榆林—忻州民歌核心区,指出其具有四个方面的特征:民歌数量巨大,体裁特征突出;民歌影响力甚巨;民歌分布地域差异鲜明;形态特征明显、相似度较高,并佐以直观的音乐地图。同时,揭示了地理区位、自然地理、政治历史、现代革命、方言等因素在榆林—忻州民歌核心区形成中的不同作用。

Durability zonation standard of concrete structure design

Durability zonation standard （DZS） is proposed to provide useful parameters for durable concrete structure design. It deals not only with the influence of environment on structures, but also with types, functions and importance of structures based on the theory of life cycle cost（LCC）. First, the basic concept of DZS for concrete structure design is defined. Then the basic principles for DZS are established. The factors for zonation according to natural environmental conditions and structural importance are identified. The usefulness of DZS by citing a real application for concrete highway bridges in Zhejiang Province is demonstrated. Finally, durability regulations are provided accordingly to zonation.

Durability related environmental zonation and design methodology for marine RC structures

A reliability-based quantitative durability design methodology is presented for reinforced concrete(RC)structures in the marine environment on the basis of natural exposure data derived from four berths(1.5,1.5,4 and 15 years)of a concrete port.More than 200 chloride profiles are obtained and analyzed.The relationship between nominal surface chloride ion concentration and altitude is discussed.Subsequently,the formula of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is proposed with consideration of the surrounding temperature,sodium chloride solution concentration,age factor and altitude.Then,the reliability-based method to predict the durability of RC structures is developed according to Fick s second law.Relationships between the predicted penetration depth of the chloride ion,the ratio of the wetting time per-period and the corresponding altitude are discussed.Subsequently,the environmental zonation methodology is established for concrete structures under a marine chloride environment by considering the ratio of the wetting time per-period of concrete as the zoning index.Finally,the corres-ponding durability design method for each zone level is established,which contains the durability design regulations of the specimen,and correction coefficients for different water/binder ratios,ages,temperatures and chloride ion concentrations.

Non-Structural Mitigation Programs For Sediment-Related Disasters after the Chichi Earthquake in Taiwan

Following the Chichi Earthquake （ML=7.3） in 1999, sediment-related disasters, such as landslides and debris flows, have become more frequent in Taiwan. Because engineering structures cannot be fully and rapidly emplaeed, the government has initiated non-structural hazard mitigation programs. Initially, community debris flow evacuation drills were promoted in 2000. Typhoon Toraji caused numerous debris flow events in July 2001, and some communities evacuated according to the drills, significantly reducing the numbers of possible casualties. Based on that result, the government expanded the program for evacuation drills. Secondly, the early warning system created after the Chichi Earthquake will prevent many potential future casualties. Rainfall threshold values for debris flow warnings in different areas are determined from information received from local weather stations and modified for local geomorphologic situations. Real- time information is gradually being integrated to create a debris flow disaster warning system, the goal of which is to provide warnings to zones in which debris flows are likely. The warning system was launched in 2005 and has two levels of alarms： yellow and red. The final, red alarm triggers enforced evacuation. Overall, the decrease in casualties from debris flows during the decade after the Chichi Earthquake is not the result of a decrease in number or severity of sediment related disasters, but is more directly related to the gradually improved early warning and evacuation system. However, the compound hazards resulting from Typhoon Morakotin 2009 remind us of the ongoing need for improving the existing mitigation system.

民歌区划的原则、主导要素与方法

自然环境差异、人文地理差异与音乐主导要素相结合,是民歌区划的基本原则。以民歌数量、体裁、调式、音阶、曲体结构五种主导要素为依据,完成类型区划。以类型区划为基础,完成民歌核心区、外围区、过渡区与民歌中心的结构区划。立足类型区划与若干个结构区划,结合自然地理单元与方言分区、民族分布等因素,则最终可以完成实证性的中国民歌区划研究。

Study on deep structure in Ailaoshan region based on aeromagnetic interpretations

Linear and circular interpretation structure maps of different relative depths are obtained by processing 1:200000 aeromagnetic data to the pole in Ailaoshan region,interpreting upward extension of 4 heights,extracting a vertical second derivative line of 0 value and a series of calculations. Concealed boundary of deep magnetic rocks can be delineated according to the maps. On the basis of the conclusions above,a set of economical and practical methods to graph the deep structure are summarized. In addition,the relationship between deep structure and mineralization positions is discussed.

Environmental Nexus： and You Will Know Us by Our Places

The paper investigates the places of an urban region inside a Biosphere Reserve in southern Brazil and explores the potentialities for synergies between their biological and sociocultural systems. It assumes： （i） the perception of their regional rootedness works beneficially for enhancing sustainability; （ii） current progress in place＇s conceptualization helps in the quest for sustainability, since the core factors of the concept deal precisely with the relationships between people and environment. The paper works both with the perception of existing, as invented places, analysing the perception they stimulate. Real places are seen as socially constructed; invented places, as economically promoted. Selection of empirical regional cases is based on their： perception （real and invented places）; scale （urban and ex-urban）; management （public or private）. In the area of Architecture-Urbanism, place is a created environmental form, imbued with symbolic significance to its users. In the present shift of paradigms from modernism to postmodernism, the discipline evolves towards a more thorough concern with the philosophical implications of places on phenomenological grounds. Also, the making and marketing of new places become increasingly accepted as influential tools to foster prosperity and well-being, by means of the economic development attributed to the creation of places. The concerted private and public management of the region＇s places and the restrained design they presently employ are providing grounds for an affluent development, showing a wise use of the regional resources. Altogether, it seems inhabitants have learned how to work in conjunction with the environment. This hints at a clear manifestation of sustainable development, worth investigating. Presumably, the concept of place, positioned as it is at the very interface of physical, social, economic and behavioural disciplines, seems to provide a likely means for tackling the challenges for a sustained regional development planning.