试析“一”声调的读法

普通话中“一”字在实际运用中其声调的读音比较复杂,而且至今尚无统一的规范可循。本文试图对“一“的实际读法作细致的描写和分析,旨在为确定普通话“一”字的读音规范提供一些有用的材料。

Leader-following coordination of multiple UUVs formation under two independent topologies and time-varying delays

The new method which uses the consensus algorithm to solve the coordinate control problems of multiple unmanned underwater vehicles （multi-UUVs） formation in the case of leader-following is adapted. As the communication between the UUVs is difficult and it is easy to be interfered under the water, time delay is assumed to be time-varying during the members communicate with each other. Meanwhile, the state feedback linearization method is used to transfer the nonlinear and coupling model of UUV into double-integrator dynamic. With this simplified double-integrator math model, the UUV formation coordinate control is regarded as consensus problem with time-varying communication delays. In addition, the position and velocity topologies are adapted to reduce the data volume in each data packet which is sent between members in formation. With two independent topologies designed, two cases of communication delay which are same and different are considered and the sufficient conditions are proposed and analyzed. The stability of the multi-UUVs formation is proven by using Lyapunov-Razumilkhin theorem. Finally, the simulation results are presented to confirm and illustrate the theoretical results.

China's low-carbon transition for addressing climate change

This study discusses high-carbon characteristics, the unsustainability of China's development, and the fact that China needs to transform its development mode. China's low-carbon transition must include industry structure adjustment, energy saving and efficiency increases, energy structure improvement, carbon sink development, adaptation capability, and low-carbon pilot schemes.Low-carbon urbanization is a key measure in China's low-carbon transition. China's urbanization faces high-carbon risks. Thus, this study presents a roadmap for transforming urbanization into a low-carbon one. The transition to low-carbon urbanization is a common trend in the developing world. There is a lot of room for international cooperation.

Analysis on the Evolution of Agricultural Structure about Pan-Yangtze River Delta

Starting from the definition of agricultural structure,this paper firstly analyzes the change of industrial and spatial structure of agriculture of Pan-Yangtze River Delta,then inspects the relationship between the development of economics and the evolution of agricultural structure,an the end it provides policy recommendation about the development and adjustment of agricultural structure for the future.

Demographic, Economic, and Social Challenges of the Population Ageing in Cameroon

The elderly represent a growing proportion of the overall population and household＇s heads in Cameroon. This demographic change has some impact on the economic and social situation of the latter, in particular, the functioning of the family structure and solidarity between generations. The successive crises （food and financial） coupled with structural adjustment programs have in fact worsened the problems of the elderly, without having for compensation, provided the corresponding benefits for other age groups. This study contributes to the analysis of changes over time in the family support system, especially with regard to household＇s heads aged in Cameroon. To achieve this, the discussion turns around three questions： （1） what is the extent and nature of the ageing in Cameroon？ （2） what are the demographic, economic, and social implications？ and （3） what is the impact of economic and social change on intergenerational relationships？ The data used come from the Population Census （1976, 1987, and 2005）, and the Cameroonian Household Survey of 2007. The gradual deterioration of the support system for the family, especially due to modernization, and the current and future numbers of older should bring more policymakers to meet the specific needs of this group in Cameroon.

Effects of Topic Structure and Syntax on Boundary Pitch Variations

This paper reported an acoustic experiment examining the effect of topic structure and syntax on boundary pitch parameters. Simple discourses containing three sentences were constructed and the boundary between the first sentence and the second sentence of each discourse varied along the following parameters： （1） topic internal, clause; （2） topic shift, clause; （3） topic internal, sentence; and （4） topic shift, sentence. Seven native speakers of Standard Chinese read the short discourses aloud. The offset f0, f0 Max, and f0 Min of the first sentence and the onset f0, f0 Max, and f0 Min of the second sentence were measured. It was found that relative to topic internal condition, topic shift condition induced higher onset f0 following the boundary. Moreover, this higher onset f0 was caused by the raising of both f0 max and f0 min, suggesting pitch register raising rather than pitch range expansion following the boundary. Syntactic structure as index by clause or sentence was found to have no effect on boundary pitch parameters. These results provide strong evidence for a role of topic strucutre in speech production

The performance analysis and calculation for variable frequency speed control motors with the rotor structure optimized

In the paper, the method to optimize the rotor structure in variable frequency speed control motors is introduced. The saturation and the skin effect are considered and 2D no-load and load electromagnetic field is calculated in finite elements for a variable frequency speed control motor before and after optimization. Finally, no-load current and operation performance before and after optimization are obtained and the two results are contrasted.

Some Remarks Regarding Originality and Historical Transformations of Chopin＇s Mazurkas, as Based on the Mathematical Systematic Method of the Tonal Structure Analysis

Musical analysis enables us to study the various elements of a musical work, for example texture, m dynamics, or harmony （including tonality）. Thanks to musical analysis we are able to trace the compos technique, or assess the artistic value of given work. In addition to traditional, descriptive methods of e it ody, onal music analysis, we can observe in 20th century the development of methods based on science （mathematics, otherwise statistics）. Such methodologies allow us to obtain a strict understanding of the structure of musical pieces Applying mathematical methods for musical analysis seems very reasonable in relation to the output of Frederic Chopin, due to large originality of the elements of musical pieces of this composer. Present paper was written as a result of research related to the applying of numerical method of analysis for exploring the tonal structure of Chopin＇s works. The author＇s research method enables a strict analysis of the chord＇s domination that can be classified under given key （range）--taking into consideration the harmonic functions. By the method of analysis we can get charts that depict whole diatonic vertical music material of the given piece. The main objective of the present study is to describe observations on the high uniqueness in the tonal construction of selected Chopin＇s mazurkas, especially, when compared to the miniatures of other composers of the first half of the 19th century and previously analyzed Chopin＇s pieces： etudes, preludes, and songs.

Asymmetric Price Transmission and Structural Breaks in the Relationship between Costa Rican Markets of Livestock Cattle, Beef and Milk

The vertical price transmission is generally considered as the relationship between two markets of the same production chain However, we can expand this concept to another relation which has not been deeply investigated： the joint products. They are the products which are produced in a single production process, but not correspond to the same chain. An especial case is the beef and milk markets in Costa Rica. Even if these products usually correspond to disconnect chains, in Costa Rica farms make use of cattle to produce both meat and milk. The cointegration framework is applied in order to indentify the price transmission among these markets. In addition, the asymmetric behavior and structural breaks are taken into account. Price transmission between each market pair was found. First, the cattle prices adjust in the milk-cattle relationship, second, beef meat prices adjust in the cattle-beef meat and in the milk - beef meat relationship. Finally, the equations allowing for structural breaks affect the estimates in the following three ways： after the break the elasticities became higher than 1, there is more evidence of cointegration, and the adjustment coefficients are significant only when a change in the long run is allowed.

The transformation of China＇s economic and government functions

The content of China＇s economic transformation is not single, and this article argues that it includes three parts. The first is the reform of economic system, the second is the change in the pattern of economic growth, and the third is the adjustment of economic structure. Government is the leading force of China＇s economic transformation, and repeated reform of government institutions has brought about some changes to government functions. But problems are obvious that lag changes of government functions have become an obstacle in China＇s economic transformation. This article describes the historical evolution and the reality of China＇s economic transformation, and analyzes the main reasons of lag changes in government functions, and reveals that the transformation of government functions is the key for successful transformation of China＇s economy.

Fuxin decoction attenuates doxorubicin-induced heart failure in rats via oxidizing suppression and regulating immune responses

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of Fuxin decoction in rats with heart failure induced by doxorubicin injections.METHODS:We employed a doxorubicin-induced heart failure model to investigate the effect of Fuxin decoction.Rats were orally administered with Fuxin decoction from 10 to 40 mg/kg.Organization structure changes were assessed by histology,circulating levels of oxidative stress-related biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines were detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Administration of Fuxin decoction improved the growth retardation in doxorubicin hydrochloride injection rats.Cardiac involvement was alleviated by Fuxin decoction,as well as changes of congestion systemic circulation in this rat models.Furthermore,Fuxin decoction regulates immune responses and suppresses oxidation reaction in doxorubicin hydrochloride-induced rats.CONCLUSION:Fuxin decoction might be an interesting candidate for congestive heart failure.

Formation of Nanometer Coherent Structures During Spinodal Decomposition and Ordering Coexistence Phase Transformation in Fe-24Al Alloys

The nanometer coherent structure evolution of spinodal decomposition and ordering coexistence phase transformation in Fe-24Al alloys is investigated by the microscopic phase field kinetic model.The results show that the concentration and long-range order parameters all continuously change towards to their equilibrium values during phase transformation.With the increase of elastic interaction energy,the anisotropy along [01] or [10] elastic soft direction is more obvious and the time reaching equilibrium state is also shortened.According to the results,the formation of nanometer coherent structures during phase transformation is composed of the initial decreasing stage of order degree stage,the incubation stage,the continuous increasing stage of concentration order parameter and long-range order parameter,and the later stable stage.The spinodal decomposition and ordering is interaction;the initial ordering stage is a necessary condition of the coexistence phase transformation.The nanometer coherent structures are not found to grow during the whole phase transformation.The simulation results are in accordance with the results in experiment obtained by the aging treatment in Fe-24Al alloys.

Strain induced polymorphism and band structure modulation in low-temperature 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene single crystal

Organic semiconductors are inherently soft,making it possible to increase their mobilities by strains.Such a unique feature can be exploited directly in flexible electronics for improved device performance.The 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]-benzothiophene derivative,C8-BTBT is one of the best small-molecule hole transport materials.Here,we demonstrated its band structure modulation under strains by combining the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations.We found that the C8-BTBT lattice undergoes a transition from monoclinic to triclinic crystal system at the temperature below 160 K.Both shear and uniaxial strains were applied to the low-temperature triclinic phase of C8-BTBT,and polymorphism was identified in the shear process.The band width enhancement is up to 8%under 2%of compressive strain along the x direction,and 14%under 4%of tensile strain along the y direction.The band structure modulation of C8-BTBT can be well related to its herringbone packing motifs,where the edge to face and edge to edge pairs constitute two-dimensional charge transport pathways and their electronic overlaps determine the band widths along the two directions respectively.These findings pave the way for utilizing strains towards improved performance of organic semiconductors on flexible substrates,for example,by bending the substrates.