信用证(Letter of Credit)中常常含有受益人设置的"软条款"(Soft Clause),它使得信用证的生效和结汇具有极大的不确定性,结汇单据极易产生不符点,交易的主动权完全掌握在开证人手中。如果受益人疏于防范会给自己造成巨大损失...信用证(Letter of Credit)中常常含有受益人设置的"软条款"(Soft Clause),它使得信用证的生效和结汇具有极大的不确定性,结汇单据极易产生不符点,交易的主动权完全掌握在开证人手中。如果受益人疏于防范会给自己造成巨大损失。"软条款"出现的形式多种多样,都会对信用证的生效和结汇造成不确定性和风险。受益人应从调查进口商资信、要求信誉较好的开证行、重视合同条款、审核信用证、备货和支付费用等方面防范和规避信用证"软条款"带来的风险。展开更多
This paper uses the input-output tables from 2007 to estimate the exchangerate risk exposure of all 42 sectors of the Chinese economy. It then demonstrates a new quantitative approach for examining the differential im...This paper uses the input-output tables from 2007 to estimate the exchangerate risk exposure of all 42 sectors of the Chinese economy. It then demonstrates a new quantitative approach for examining the differential impacts of Renminbi appreciation on the export of finished goods and the import of intermediate inputs in each sector, and estimates the changes in profitability of each sector under different degrees of Renminbi appreciation. The results indicate that appreciation of the Renminbi will increase the profitability of 22 sectors, which are generally monopolistic, capital-intensive, and reliant on R＆D, and reduce the profitability of 20 sectors, which are generally competitive, labor-intensive, and less reliant on R＆D. This suggests that the degree and pace of Renminbi appreciation must be coordinated with industrial and employment policies in order to reduce exchange-rate risk exposure through trade restructuring, to improve economic structure, to promote competition and employment, and to maintain steady and sustainable economic growth.展开更多
文摘信用证(Letter of Credit)中常常含有受益人设置的"软条款"(Soft Clause),它使得信用证的生效和结汇具有极大的不确定性,结汇单据极易产生不符点,交易的主动权完全掌握在开证人手中。如果受益人疏于防范会给自己造成巨大损失。"软条款"出现的形式多种多样,都会对信用证的生效和结汇造成不确定性和风险。受益人应从调查进口商资信、要求信誉较好的开证行、重视合同条款、审核信用证、备货和支付费用等方面防范和规避信用证"软条款"带来的风险。
文摘This paper uses the input-output tables from 2007 to estimate the exchangerate risk exposure of all 42 sectors of the Chinese economy. It then demonstrates a new quantitative approach for examining the differential impacts of Renminbi appreciation on the export of finished goods and the import of intermediate inputs in each sector, and estimates the changes in profitability of each sector under different degrees of Renminbi appreciation. The results indicate that appreciation of the Renminbi will increase the profitability of 22 sectors, which are generally monopolistic, capital-intensive, and reliant on R＆D, and reduce the profitability of 20 sectors, which are generally competitive, labor-intensive, and less reliant on R＆D. This suggests that the degree and pace of Renminbi appreciation must be coordinated with industrial and employment policies in order to reduce exchange-rate risk exposure through trade restructuring, to improve economic structure, to promote competition and employment, and to maintain steady and sustainable economic growth.
