Metastasis is the principal cause of cancer mortality, with the lymphatic system being the first route of tumor dissemination. The glycoproteins VEGF-C and VEGF-D are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor ...Metastasis is the principal cause of cancer mortality, with the lymphatic system being the first route of tumor dissemination. The glycoproteins VEGF-C and VEGF-D are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, whose role has been recently recognized as lymphatic system regulators during embryogenesis and in pathological processes such as inflammation, lymphatic system disorders and malignant tumor metastasis. They are ligands for the VEGFR-3 receptor on the membrane of the lymphatic endothelial cell, resulting in dilatation of existing lymphatic vessels as well as in vegetation of new ones (lymphangiogenesis). Their determination is feasible in the circulating blood by immunoabsorption and in the tissue specimen by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Experimental and clinicopathological studies have linked the VEGF-C, VEGF-D/VEGFR3 axis to lymphatic spread as well as to the clinical outcome in several human solid tumors. The majority of these data are derived from surgical specimens and malignant cell series, rendering their clinical application questionable, due to subjectivity factors and post-treatment quantification. In an effort to overcome these drawbacks, an alternative method of immunodetection of the circulating levels of these molecules has been used in studies on gastric, esophageal and colorectal cancer. Their results denotethat quantification of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in blood samples could serve as lymph node metastasis predictive biomarkers and contribute to preoperative staging of gastrointestinal malignancies.展开更多
Microscopic colitis(MC) is considered an "umbrella term",comprising two subtypes,i.e.,collagenous colitis(CC) and lymphocytic colitis(LC).They are classically associated with normal or unremarkable colonosco...Microscopic colitis(MC) is considered an "umbrella term",comprising two subtypes,i.e.,collagenous colitis(CC) and lymphocytic colitis(LC).They are classically associated with normal or unremarkable colonoscopy.In the last few years,reports have been published revealing findings that are thought to be characteristic or pathognomonic of MC,especially CC.A systematic electronic and manual search of PubMed and EMBASE(to December 2010),for publications on distinct endoscopic findings in MC,resulted in 42 relevant reports for inclusion in this review.Eighty eight patients with collagenous colitis were presented.Only one publication describing a distinct endoscopic pattern in LC was found.Typical findings in CC are alteration of the vascular mucosal pattern,mucosal nodularity,a sequence of change from mucosal defects to mucosal cicatricial lesions,and perhaps(although of doubtful relevance) mucosal pseudomembranes.A causal connection of mucosal defects with the use of lansoprazole seems to exist.Adoption of the proposed lesion description herein is recommended in order to improve homogeneity of future reports.展开更多
OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of the number of lymph nodes examined on the prognosis of Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer patients.METHODS The relationship between the clinicopathologic features of 373 patient...OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of the number of lymph nodes examined on the prognosis of Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer patients.METHODS The relationship between the clinicopathologic features of 373 patients with Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer and number of the lymph nodes examined was retrospectively analyzed.The effect of the different number of nodes examined on the prognosis of the patients was appraised RESULTS The overall mean number of retrieved lymph nodes of the 373 patients with Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer was 13.71±9.38.The site and size of the tumor as well as the depth of tumor infiltration were the major reasons which influenced the number of lymph nodes retrieved.The mean number of lymph nodes examined in the colon-cancer patients was 17.51± 12.79,which was significantly more than the 11.09±6.17(P = 0.000)exam-ined in the rectal-cancer patients.The 5-year survival rate of the patients with Dukes' B large intestinal carcinoma,with fewer lymph nodes retrieved(0 to 10),was only 60.4%,while those with more lymph node retrieved(≥10)had a 5-year survival of 77.5%.So there was a significant difference between the two groups.However the number of lymph nodes examined had no effect on prognosis of the patients with Dukes' C large intestinal carcinoma.Separate analysis of the colon and rectal cancers indicated that to improve the 5-year survival rate,the number of retrieved nodes in cases with rectal cancer should be at least 9,and with colon cancer cases at least 13.CONCLUSION In order to guarantee an accuracy of tumor staging for developing a possible postoperative treatment,at least 9 lymph nodes in rec-tal cancer patients or 13 in colon cancer patients should be harvested.展开更多
The biology of colorectal cancer differs according to its location within the large intestine.A report published in a previous issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology (November 2010) evaluated the importance of tum...The biology of colorectal cancer differs according to its location within the large intestine.A report published in a previous issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology (November 2010) evaluated the importance of tumor location as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer,and showed that rectal cancer is prone to metastasize to lymph nodes as compared with colon cancer.However,in order to conclude that the tumor location is independently associated with the occurrence of lymph node metastasis,it is necessary to consider a selection bias or other patientand tumorrelated factors carefully.展开更多
文摘Metastasis is the principal cause of cancer mortality, with the lymphatic system being the first route of tumor dissemination. The glycoproteins VEGF-C and VEGF-D are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, whose role has been recently recognized as lymphatic system regulators during embryogenesis and in pathological processes such as inflammation, lymphatic system disorders and malignant tumor metastasis. They are ligands for the VEGFR-3 receptor on the membrane of the lymphatic endothelial cell, resulting in dilatation of existing lymphatic vessels as well as in vegetation of new ones (lymphangiogenesis). Their determination is feasible in the circulating blood by immunoabsorption and in the tissue specimen by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Experimental and clinicopathological studies have linked the VEGF-C, VEGF-D/VEGFR3 axis to lymphatic spread as well as to the clinical outcome in several human solid tumors. The majority of these data are derived from surgical specimens and malignant cell series, rendering their clinical application questionable, due to subjectivity factors and post-treatment quantification. In an effort to overcome these drawbacks, an alternative method of immunodetection of the circulating levels of these molecules has been used in studies on gastric, esophageal and colorectal cancer. Their results denotethat quantification of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in blood samples could serve as lymph node metastasis predictive biomarkers and contribute to preoperative staging of gastrointestinal malignancies.
文摘Microscopic colitis(MC) is considered an "umbrella term",comprising two subtypes,i.e.,collagenous colitis(CC) and lymphocytic colitis(LC).They are classically associated with normal or unremarkable colonoscopy.In the last few years,reports have been published revealing findings that are thought to be characteristic or pathognomonic of MC,especially CC.A systematic electronic and manual search of PubMed and EMBASE(to December 2010),for publications on distinct endoscopic findings in MC,resulted in 42 relevant reports for inclusion in this review.Eighty eight patients with collagenous colitis were presented.Only one publication describing a distinct endoscopic pattern in LC was found.Typical findings in CC are alteration of the vascular mucosal pattern,mucosal nodularity,a sequence of change from mucosal defects to mucosal cicatricial lesions,and perhaps(although of doubtful relevance) mucosal pseudomembranes.A causal connection of mucosal defects with the use of lansoprazole seems to exist.Adoption of the proposed lesion description herein is recommended in order to improve homogeneity of future reports.
文摘OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of the number of lymph nodes examined on the prognosis of Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer patients.METHODS The relationship between the clinicopathologic features of 373 patients with Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer and number of the lymph nodes examined was retrospectively analyzed.The effect of the different number of nodes examined on the prognosis of the patients was appraised RESULTS The overall mean number of retrieved lymph nodes of the 373 patients with Dukes' B and C colorectal cancer was 13.71±9.38.The site and size of the tumor as well as the depth of tumor infiltration were the major reasons which influenced the number of lymph nodes retrieved.The mean number of lymph nodes examined in the colon-cancer patients was 17.51± 12.79,which was significantly more than the 11.09±6.17(P = 0.000)exam-ined in the rectal-cancer patients.The 5-year survival rate of the patients with Dukes' B large intestinal carcinoma,with fewer lymph nodes retrieved(0 to 10),was only 60.4%,while those with more lymph node retrieved(≥10)had a 5-year survival of 77.5%.So there was a significant difference between the two groups.However the number of lymph nodes examined had no effect on prognosis of the patients with Dukes' C large intestinal carcinoma.Separate analysis of the colon and rectal cancers indicated that to improve the 5-year survival rate,the number of retrieved nodes in cases with rectal cancer should be at least 9,and with colon cancer cases at least 13.CONCLUSION In order to guarantee an accuracy of tumor staging for developing a possible postoperative treatment,at least 9 lymph nodes in rec-tal cancer patients or 13 in colon cancer patients should be harvested.
文摘The biology of colorectal cancer differs according to its location within the large intestine.A report published in a previous issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology (November 2010) evaluated the importance of tumor location as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer,and showed that rectal cancer is prone to metastasize to lymph nodes as compared with colon cancer.However,in order to conclude that the tumor location is independently associated with the occurrence of lymph node metastasis,it is necessary to consider a selection bias or other patientand tumorrelated factors carefully.
